be strengthened in power

δύναμις, εως, ἡ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) gener. ‘capability’, with emphasis on function.

① potential for functioning in some way, power, might, strength, force, capability

ⓐ general, λαμβάνειν δ. receive power Ac 1:8 (cp. Epict. 1, 6, 28; 4, 1, 109; Tat. 16, 1 δραστικωτέρας δ.); ἰδίᾳ δ. by one’s own capability 3:12. Of kings τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ διδόασιν Rv 17:13 (cp. Just., A I, 17, 3 βασιλικῆς δ.).—Of God’s power (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 66, 33 Jac. θεῶν δ., Diod S 1, 20, 6 τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν δύναμιν of Osiris’ function as benefactor to humanity; 5, 71, 6; 27, 12, 1; 34 + 35 Fgm. 28, 3; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 70, 75; 84; 23 [40], 36; Herm. Wr. 14, 9 ὁ θεὸς …, ἡ [ᾧ v.l.] πᾶσα δύναμις τοῦ ποιεῖν πάντα; PGM 4, 641; 7, 582; 12, 250; LXX; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 13, 12, 4; 7 [Fgm. 4, ln. 22 p. 164; ln. 84 p. 172]; EpArist; Jos., Ant. 8, 109; 9, 15; SibOr 3, 72; Just., A I, 32, 11 al.) Mt 22:29; Mk 12:24; Lk 22:69; Ro 1:16, 20 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 167 God is known through his δ.); 9:17 (Ex 9:16); 1 Cor 1:18, 24; 2:5; 6:14; 2 Cor 4:7; 6:7; 13:4; Eph 3:7; 2 Ti 1:8; 1 Pt 1:5; Rv 1:16; 11:17; 12:10; 15:8; cp. 2 Cor 12:9a; Rv 5:12; 1 Cl 11:2; 33:3; Dg 7:9; 9:1f; δ. ὑψίστου Lk 1:35. In doxology (1 Ch 29:11f; on the doxol. in the Lord’s Prayer HSchumaker, Cath. World 160, ’45, 342–49) Mt 6:13 v.l.; D 8:2; 9:4; 10:5. Cp. Rv 4:11; 7:12; 19:1.—IMg 3:1; ISm 1:1; Hv 3, 3, 5; m 5, 2, 1; PtK 2. Hence God is actually called δ. (Philo, Mos. 1, 111, Mut. Nom. 29; Ath. 16, 2) Mt 26:64; Mk 14:62 (cp. Wsd 1:3; 5:23 and Dalman, Worte 164f). Christ possesses a θεία δ. (this expr. in Aristot., Pol. 4 [7], 4, 1326a 32; PGM 12, 302 al.; s. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 40, 20 al.; Did., Gen. 60, 8; s. θεῖος 1a) 2 Pt 1:3; cp. 1:16 and 1 Cor 5:4; of Christ’s potential to achieve someth. through Paul 2 Cor 12:9b (cp. SEG XXXIV, 1308, 5f [50 B.C.–50 A.D.]). In Hs 9, 26, 8, the potential associated with the women in black leads to destruction. δ. leaves Christ at his death GPt 5:19 (s. LVaganay, L’Évangile de Pierre 1930, 108; 254ff). ἐν τῇ τοῦ κυρίου δ. AcPlCor 2:39.— Power of the Holy Spirit (Jos., Ant. 8, 408; Just., D. 87, 4f al.) Lk 4:14; Ac 1:8; Ro 15:13, 19 (ἐν δ. πν. [θεοῦ]); Hm 11:2, 5. ἐν ἀποδείξει πνεύματος καὶ δυνάμεως 1 Cor 2:4; cp. ἐγείρεται ἐν δ. 15:43, foll. by σῶμα πνευμάτικον. δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι be strengthened in power (i.e. with ability to function) by the Spirit Eph 3:16. Hence the Spirit given the Christian can be called πνεῦμα δυνάμεως, i.e. in contrast to an unenterprising spirit, πνεῦμα δειλίας, God offers one that functions aggressively, 2 Ti 1:7; cp. 1 Pt 4:14 v.l.; AcPl Ha 8, 25/BMM 32f/Ox 1602, 39. The believers are ἐν πάσῃ δ. δυναμούμενοι equipped w. all power Col 1:11; cp. Eph 1:19; 3:20 (for Eph 1:19 cp. 1QH 14:23; 11:29 al.; for Eph 3:16, 6:10 cp. 1QH 7:17, 19; 12:35; 1QM 10:5; see KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 336); esp. the apostles and other people of God Lk 24:49; Ac 4:33; 6:8; cp. AcPl Ha 6, 21. ἐν πνεύματι καὶ δ. Ἠλίου Lk 1:17.—Of the devil’s destructive capability Lk 10:19; cp. Rv 13:2. ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ νόμος what gives sin its power to function is the law 1 Cor 15:56.

ⓑ specif., the power that works wonders (SEG VIII, 551, 39 [I B.C.]; POxy 1381, 206ff; PGM 4, 2449; 12, 260ff; Just., D. 49, 8 κρυφία δ.; s. JZingerle, Heiliges Recht 1926, 10f; JRöhr, D. okkulte Kraftbegriff im Altertum 1923, 14f) Mt 14:2; Mk 6:14; Hv 1, 3, 4. ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ θεός δυνάμει (God endowed him to perform miracles) Ac 10:38 (Dio Chrys. 66 [16], 10 of Jason: χρισάμενος δυνάμει τινί, λαβὼν παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας; Diod S 4, 51, 1 τ. τρίχας δυνάμεσί τισι χρίσασα=she anointed her hair with certain potions; 4, 51, 4; 17, 103, 4 ὁ σίδηρος κεχριμένος ἦν φαρμάκου δυνάμει=with a poisonous potion. Diod S 1, 97, 7 a powerful medium=φάρμακον; s. ἐξουσία 7; also RAC II 415–58). τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ δ. ἐξελθοῦσαν potency emanated from him Mk 5:30; cp. Lk 8:46; δ. παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἐξήρχετο 6:19; cp. 5:17; perh. also (but s. 3 below) Gal 3:5; 1 Cor 12:28f (on the pl. δυνάμεις s. X., Cyr. 8, 8, 14; Herm. Wr. 13, 8 al.; on this ADieterich, E. Mithraslit. 1903, 46f; cp. PKöhn VI, 245, 18 Athena; for parallels and lit. s. Ptocheia [=ASP 31] ’91, 55). ἐν δ. with power, powerful(ly) (TestJob 47:9; Synes., Ep. 90 p. 230d τοὺς ἐν δ.) Mk 9:1; Ro 1:4; Col 1:29; 2 Th 1:11; μετὰ δυνάμεως Mt 24:30; Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27.—κατὰ δύναμιν w. gen. (Lucian, Imag. 3) by the power of Hb 7:16. Hebraist.=δυνατός (but readily understood in the Greek world as a defining gen., e.g. λόγου ἄνοια=vocal frenzy Soph. Antig. 603; s. Judg 3:29; 20:46 [ἄνδρες δυνάμεως B =ἄνδρες δυνατοί A]; Wsd 5:23): τῷ ῥήματι τῆς δ. αὐτοῦ by his powerful word 1:3; μετʼ ἀγγέλων δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ w. messengers of his power i.e. angels who exercise Jesus’ power 2 Th 1:7 (unless this is to be rendered with KJV et al. his mighty angels) (cp. En 20:1; GrBar 1:8; 2:6); μὴ ἔχων δ. powerless Hv 3, 11, 2; m 9:12. ἰσχυρὰν δ. ἔχειν be very powerful m 5, 2, 3; cp. 9:11; ἐν ποίᾳ δ.; by what power? (s. under 5) Ac 4:7. ὕψος δυνάμεως pride in (one’s) power B 20:1.—Effectiveness in contrast to mere word or appearance 1 Cor 4:19f; 1 Th 1:5. ἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας, τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι they have the outward appearance of piety, but deny its function 2 Ti 3:5 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 409 τὸ ὄνομα τ. βασιλείας εἶχεν, τ. δὲ δύναμιν οἱ Φαρισαῖοι=[Alexandra] bore the title queen, but the Pharisees were in control). δ. πίστεως the power of faith in contrast to verbal profession IEph 14:2. Sim. δ. w. ἐξουσία (Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 65) potent authority i.e. the word of Jesus is not only authoritative but functions effectively ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ, for the unclean spirits depart Lk 4:36; 9:1.—W. ἰσχύς 2 Pt 2:11 (Ath. 24, 2); w. ἐνέργεια Hm 6, 1, 1 (cp. Galen X, 635); τὴν δ. τῆς ἀναστάσεως the effectiveness of his (Christ’s) resurrection, which brings about the resurrection of the believers Phil 3:10.—Of the peculiar power inherent in a thing (of the healing power of medicines since Hippocr.; cp. Diod S 1, 20, 4; 1, 97, 7; 17, 103, 4; Plut., Mor. 157d al.; Dio Chrys. 25 [42], 3; Galen, Comp. Med. XIII 707 K.). δ. πυρός Hb 11:34 (Diod S 15, 50, 3 δ. τοῦ φωτός=the intensity of the light).

② ability to carry out someth., ability, capability (cp. Democrit, Fgm. B 234; Pla., Philb. 58d; cp. Aristot., Metaph. 4, 12, 1019a 26; Epict. 2, 23, 34; 4 Km 18:20; Ruth 3:11; Jos., Ant. 10, 54; Just., D. 4, 1) δύναμιν εἰς καταβολὴν σπέρματος Hb 11:11 (s. entry καταβολή). κατὰ δύναμιν according to ability (Diod S 14, 81, 6 v.l.; SIG 695, 9; 44 [129 B.C.]; PGM 4, 650; POxy 1273, 24; BGU 1050, 14; Sir 29:20; Jos., Ant. 3, 102; Just., A II, 13, 6; also ὅση δ. A I, 13, 1; 55, 8 al.; ὡς δ. μου D. 80, 5) 2 Cor 8:3a; ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δ. to each according to his special capability (cp. SIG 695, 55) Mt 25:15; AcPl Ha 7, 17. Opp. beyond one’s ability ὑπὲρ δύναμιν (Demosth. 18, 193; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 1 §3; 2, 13 §49; POxy 282, 8; Sir 8:13) 2 Cor 1:8 or παρὰ δ. (Thu. 3, 54, 4; PPetr II, 3b, 2 [III B.C.]; POxy 1418, 3; Jos., Ant. 14, 378) 8:3b.

③ a deed that exhibits ability to function powerfully, deed of power, miracle, wonder (Ael. Aristid. 40, 12 K.=5 p. 59 D.: δυνάμεις ἐμφανεῖς; 42, 4 K.=6 p. 64 D. al.; Eutecnius 4 p. 41, 13; POxy 1381, 42; 90f τ. δυνάμεις ἀπαγγέλλειν; Steinleitner, nos. 3, 7f and 17; 8, 10 [restored] al.; Ps 117:15; Just., A I, 26, 22 al.) w. σημεῖα 2 Th 2:9; also in pl. Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12; Hb 2:4; in this sense δ. stands mostly in pl. δυνάμεις Mt 7:22; 11:20f, 23; 13:54, 58; Mk 6:2; 9:39; Lk 10:13; 19:37; Ac 8:13; 19:11; 1 Cor 12:10, 28f; Gal 3:5 (on the two last pass. s. 1b above); Hb 6:5. Sg. Mk 6:5.

④ someth. that serves as an adjunct of power, resource μικρὰν ἔχειν δ. have few resources Rv 3:8. Also wealth (X., An. 7, 7, 36, Cyr. 8, 4, 34; Dt 8:17f) ἐκ τῆς δ. τοῦ στρήνους fr. the excessive wealth Rv 18:3. Esp. of military forces (Hdt. et al. very oft.; cp. OGI ind. VIII; LXX; Jos., Ant. 18, 262; Just., D 131, 3), even of the heavenly bodies thought of as armies δ. τῶν οὐρανῶν the armies of heaven (Is 34:4 v.l.; 4 Km 17:16; Da 8:10 Theod.; En 18:14) Mt 24:29; Lk 21:26; cp. Mk 13:25.

⑤ an entity or being, whether human or transcendent, that functions in a remarkable manner, power as a personal transcendent spirit or heavenly agent/angel ([cp. Pla., Crat. 438c] Aristot., Met. 4, 12, 1019a, 26 divinities δυνάμεις [likewise TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 21=Stone p. 36] λέγονται; Eth. Epic. col. 9, 16, w. θεοι; Porphyr., Abst. 2, 2 p. 133 Nauck δαίμοσιν ἢ θεοῖς ἤ τισι δυνάμεσιν θῦσαι; Sallust. 15 p. 28, 15 αἱ ἄνω δυνάμεις; Herm. Wr. 1, 26; 13, 15; Synes., Ep. 57 p. 191b; PGM 4, 3051; 4 Macc 5:13; Philo, Conf. Lingu. 171, Mut. Nom. 59) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 1 Pt 3:22; αἱ δ. τοῦ σατανᾶ IEph 13:1. (Cp. αἱ πονηραὶ δ., διάβολος καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ Did., Gen. 45, 4.) θεὸς ἀγγέλων καὶ δ. MPol 14:1 (cp. the ins in FCumont, Étud. syr. 1917, p. 321, 5 ὁ θεὸς τ. δυνάμεων=BCH 26, 1902, 176; Just., D. 85, 6 ἄγγελοι … καὶ δ.)—Desig. of a personal divine being as a power (i.e. an effective intermediary or expression; s. DDD 509–16) of the most high God (Ael. Aristid. 37, 28 K.=2 p. 27 D.: Athena as δ. τοῦ Διός; Just., A I, 14, 5 δ. θεοῦ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ ἦν; cp. 23, 2; Tat. 5, 1) οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ δύναμις τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη this man is what is called the Great Power of God Ac 8:10 (cp. ins of Saïttaï in Lydia εἷς θεὸς ἐν οὐρανοῖς μέγας Μὴν οὐράνιος, μεγάλη δύναμις τοῦ ἀθανάτου θεοῦ: ILydiaKP 110; PGM 4, 1275ff ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὴν μεγίστην δύναμιν τὴν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ὑπὸ κυρίου θεοῦ τεταγμένην. S. New Docs 1, 107. Cp. HKippenberg, Garizim u. Synagoge: RVV ’71, 122–24.—GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 8f; WSpiegelberg, Die ägypt. Gottheit der ‘Gotteskraft’: Ztschr. f. äg. Sprache 57, 1922, 145ff; FPreisigke, D. Gotteskraft der frühchristl. Zeit 1922).

⑥ the capacity to convey thought, meaning (Pla., Crat. 394b; Polyb. 20, 9, 11; Dionys. Hal. 1, 68; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 19; Cass. Dio 55, 3; Philo, Congr. Erud. Gr. 125; Just., D. 125, 1 ἡ δ. τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ὀνόματος; 138, 1 ὀγδόης ἡμέρας … δυνάμει … πρώτης) of language 1 Cor 14:11; of stones Hv 3, 4, 3; cp. 3, 8, 6f.—OSchmitz, D. Begriff δ. bei Pls: ADeissmann Festschr. 1927, 139–67; WGrundmann, D. Begriff d. Kraft in d. ntl. Gedankenwelt ’32; Dodd 16–20; EFascher, Dynamis Theou: ZTK n. s. 19, ’38, 82–108; LBieler, Δύναμις u. ἐξουσία: Wiener Studien 55, ’38, 182–90; AForster, The Mng. of Power for St. Paul, ATR 32, ’50, 177–85; MBarré, CBQ 42, ’80, 216–27 (contrast w. ‘weakness’ in Qumran lit.)—DELG. Lampe s.v. δύναμις VI B and VII. RAC IV 441–51. EDNT. M-M. TW.

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;

so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.

Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).

With antecedent in the same sentence.

The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.

His:

Caesar copias suas divisit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 97:

ille in sua sententia perseverat,

id. ib. 1, 72:

tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,

id. ib. 2, 37:

cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:

cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?

id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:

Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,

Liv. 26, 40, 7:

imperat princeps civibus suis,

Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:

nemo rem suam emit,

id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—

Her:

mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:

utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,

id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:

si nunc facere volt era officium suom,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:

ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78:

si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,

id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—

Its:

omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,

id. Planc. 40, 95.—

Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

mittent aliquem de suo numero,

id. ib. 11, 10, 25:

rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:

qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,

id. Sest. 14, 32:

suis finibus eos prohibent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;

and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,

some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—

With a subject-clause as antecedent:

id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,

was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:

ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

id. 3, 62, 1:

secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,

id. 35, 14, 4. —

With subject-acc. as antecedent:

hanc dicam Athenis advenisse cum aliquo amatore suo, Plant. Mil. 2, 2, 86: doceo gratissimum esse in sua tribu Plancium,

Cic. Planc. 19, 47:

cupio eum suae causae confidere,

id. Sest. 64, 135:

suspicari debuit (Milo), eum (Clodium) ad villam suam (Clodii) deversurum,

id. Mil. 19, 51: Medeam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra dissipavisse, id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:

(dixit) Caesarem pro sua dignitate debere et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—

With object-acc. as antecedent.

Suus being an adjunct of the subject (generally rendered in Engl. by a pass. constr.):

hunc pater suus de templo deduxit,

he was taken from the temple by his father, Cic. Inv. 2, 17, 52:

hunc sui cives e civitate ejecerunt,

id. Sest. 68, 142:

Alexandrum uxor sua... occidit,

id. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

illum ulciscentur mores sui,

id. Att. 9, 12, 2:

quodsi quem natura sua... forte deficiet,

id. Or. 1, 14:

utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat,

Liv. 1, 7, 1:

quas (urbes) sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas sibi opes facere,

id. 1, 9, 3; 1, 7, 15; 6, 33, 5:

quos nec sua conscientia impulerit, nec, etc.,

id. 26, 33, 3; 25, 14, 7:

consulem C. Marium servus suus interemit,

Val. Max. 6, 8, 2:

quis non Vedium Pollionem pejus oderat quam servi sui?

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2:

sera dies sit qua illum gens sua caelo adserat,

id. Cons. Poll. 12 (31), 5.—With the antecedent understood from the principal sentence:

ita forma simili pueri ut mater sua internoscere (sc. eos) non posset,

Plaut. Men. prol. 19; and with suus as adjunct both of the subject and of the antecedent: jubet salvere suos vir uxorem suam, id. merc. 4, 3, 11. —

With impers. verbs:

sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat,

Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35:

video fore ut inimicos tuos poeniteat intemperantiae suae,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:

si Caesarem beneficii sui poeniteret,

id. Lig. 10, 29; so id. Agr. 2, 11, 26:

jam ne nobilitatis quidem suae plebejos poenitere,

Liv. 10, 7, 8:

militem jam minus virtutis poenitere suae,

id. 22, 12, 10.—

As adjunct of other members of the sentence:

ad parentes suos ducas Silenium,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 86. nam is illius filiam conicit in navem clam matrem suam (i.e. filiae), id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:

eosdem ad quaestoris sui aut imperatoris, aut commilitonum suorum pericula impulistis,

Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 34:

totum enim ex sua patria sustulisti,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 127; id. Or. 3, 32, 126: quem (Hammonium) tibi etiam suo nomine ( on his own account) commendo... itaque peto a te ut ejus procuratorem et ipsum suo nomine diligas, id. Fam. 13, 21, 2:

Caesar Fabium in sua remittit hiberna,

Caes. B. G. 5, 33; id. B. C. 3, 24:

introire ad Ciceronem, et domi suae imparatum confodere,

Sall. C. 28, 1:

suis flammis delete Fidenas,

i. e. the flames kindled by the Fidenates, Liv. 4, 33, 5:

suo igni involvit hostes,

Tac. A. 14, 30:

quid Caesarem in sua fata inmisit?

Sen. Ep. 94, 65; id. Q. N. 1, praef. 7; cf.

with antecedent supplied from preceding sentence: non destiti rogare et petere (sc. Brutum) mea causa, suadere et hortari sua,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7.—

With dat. as antecedent.

As adjunct of subject (cf. 4. supra):

suus rex reginae placet,

a queen likes her own king, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 76:

ei nunc alia ducenda'st domum, sua cognata Lemniensis,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 101:

Autronio nonne sodales, non collegae sui... defuerunt?

Cic. Sull. 2, 7:

si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,

id. Cat. 3, 12, 27:

cui non magistri sui atque doctores, cui non... locus ipse... in mente versetur?

id. Planc. 33, 81:

haec omnia plane... Siculis erepta sunt: primum suae leges, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33:

Romanis multitudo sua auxit animum,

Liv. 21, 50, 4:

sicuti populo Romano sua fortuna labet,

id. 42, 50, 7:

Lanuvinis sacra sua reddita,

id. 8, 14, 2:

vilitas sua illis detrahit pretium,

Sen. Ben. 4, 29, 2:

nemo est cui felicitas sua satisfaciat,

id. Ep. 115, 17:

labor illi suus restitutus est,

id. Brev. Vit. 20, 3:

magnitudo sua singulis constat,

id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10:

tantum sapienti sua, quantum Dec omnis aetas patet,

id. Ep. 53, 11. —

With antecedent supplied from principal sentence: mater quod suasit sua Adulescens mulier fecit, i.e. ei,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 38.—

Of other words:

regique Thebano regnum stabilivit suum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 40:

mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 5:

ego Metello non irascor, neque ei suam vacationem eripio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

desinant insidiari domui suae consuli,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 32:

quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus,

id. Mil. 35, 96: Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Liv. [p. 1824] 29, 1, 17:

nos non suas (leges Lacedaemoniis arbitror) ademisse, sed nostras leges dedisse,

id. 39, 37, 6:

Graccho et Tuditano provinciae Lucani et Galliae cum suis exercitibus prorogatae,

id. 25, 3, 5.—

With gen., abl., or object of a prep. as antecedent:

nec illius animi aciem praestringit splendor sui nominis,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:

nolite a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae domesticum et suum consulem avellere,

id. Mur. 41, 90:

quamvis tu magna mihi scripseris de Bruti adventu ad suas legiones,

id. Att. 14, 13, 12:

suae legis ad scriptum ipsam quoque sententiam adjungere,

the meaning of their law to which they refer, id. Inv. 2, 49, 147:

cum ambitio alterius suam primum apud eos majestatem solvisset,

Liv. 22, 42, 12:

nunc causam instituendorum ludorum ab origine sua repetam,

Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:

Jubam in regno suo non locorum notitia adjuvet, non popularium pro rege suo virtus,

Sen. Ep. 71, 10; id. Ben. 7, 6, 3; id. Clem. 1, 3, 4.—Esp. with cujusque as antecedent:

in qua deliberatione ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,

Cic. Off. 1, 33, 119 (v. II. D. 2. infra).— Abl.:

operam dare ut sua lex ipso scripto videatur niti,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 147 (cf. supra):

(Caesar reperiebat) ad Galbam propter justitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam deferri,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4:

credere, ad suum concilium a Jove deos advocari,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 42, 1.—

With predic. nom. as antecedent:

sapientissimi artis suae professores sunt a quibus et propria studia verecunde et aliena callide administrantur,

Val. Max. 8, 12, 1.—

With appositive noun.

With gram. subject as antecedent:

hoc Anaximandro, populari ac sodali suo, non persuasit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

vidit fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum,

id. Mil. 9, 25:

(hic) fuit in Creta contubernalis Saturnini, propinqui sui,

id. Planc. 11, 27:

ut non per L. Crassum, adfinem suum... causam illam defenderit,

id. Balb. 21, 49:

ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat,

id. Lig. 4, 11:

Caesar mittit ad eum A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57.—

With object as antecedent:

Dicaearchum cum Aristoxeno, aequali et condiscipulo suo, omittamus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 41:

tres fratres optimos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque nobis, necessariis suis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavit,

id. Lig. 12, 36:

Varroni, quem, sui generis hominem,... vulgus extrahere ad consulatum nitebatur,

Liv. 22, 34, 2.—

With appositive noun as antecedent:

si P. Scipionem, clarissimum virum, majorumque suorum simillimum res publica tenere potuisset,

Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:

M. Fabi Ambusti, potentis viri cum inter sui corporis homines, tum ad plebem, etc.,

Liv. 6, 34, 5:

C. vero Fabricii, et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum saeculi sui, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet,

Val. Max. 4, 4, 3.—

In participial clauses.

The antecedent being the logical subject of the participle, and other than the principal subject:

credamus igitur Panaetio, a Platone suo dissentienti ( = qui dissentiebat),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

ea Sex. Roscium, expulsum ex suis bonis, recepit domum,

id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:

diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23:

Dejotarum ad me venientem cum omnibus copiis suis, certiorem feci, etc.,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 7; id. Cat. 4, 9, 18: si hominis et suis et populi Romani ornamentis amplissimi ( being greatly distinguished) causam repudiassem, id. Mur. 4, 8:

stupentes tribunos et suam jam vicem magis anxios quam, etc., liberavit consensus populi Romani,

Liv. 8, 35, 1; 22, 42, 8:

manet in folio scripta querela suo ( = quam scripsit),

Ov. F. 5, 224; cf. in abl. absol.:

et ipsis (hostibus) regressis in castra sua,

Liv. 22, 60, 9:

quibus (speculis) si unum ostenderis hominem, populus adparet, unaquaque parte faciem exprimente sua,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 5.—

The logical subject of the participle, being also the principal subject:

sic a suis legionibus condemnatus irrupit in Galliam,

Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:

hunc agrum patres nostri, acceptum a majoribus suis ( = quem acceperant), perdiderunt,

id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:

ut in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92: Appius, odium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, haud ignaro, inquit, imminet fortuna, Liv. 3, 54, 3:

ipsa capit Condita in pharetra ( = quae condiderat) tela minora sua,

Ov. F. 2, 326; cf. in abl. absol.:

Sopater, expositis suis difficultatibus ( = cum exposuisset, etc.): Timarchidem... perducit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

Caesar, primum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

Campani, audita sua pariter sociorumque clade, legatos ad Hannibalem miserunt,

Liv. 25, 15, 1:

(Appius) deposito suo magistratu... domum est reductus,

id. 4, 24, 7; 3, 35, 9; 9, 10, 13; 9, 41, 9.—

The antecedent being the principal subject, not the logical subject of the participle:

M. Papirius dicitur Gallo, barbam suam (i.e. Papirii) permulcenti,... iram movisse,

Liv. 5, 41, 9: cum Gracchus, verecundia deserendi socios, implorantis fidem suam populique Romani, substitisset. id. 23, 36, 8; cf. in abl. absol.:

si sine maximo dedecore, tam impeditis suis rebus, potuisset emori,

Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 29; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Planc. 21, 51; id. Clu. 14, 42:

ita (consul) proelio uno accidit Vestinorum res, haudquaquam tamen incruento milite suo (consulis),

Liv. 8, 29, 12; cf.

with antecedent to be supplied: Campani, cum, robore juventutis suae acciso, nulla (sc. eis) propinqua spes esset, etc.,

id. 7, 29, 7.—

In gerund. construction. ( a) With subject as antecedent:

mihi ipsa Roma ad complectendum conservatorem suum progredi visa est,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52.—

With object, the logical subjects of the gerund as antecedent:

cur iis persequendi juris sui... adimis potestatem?

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:

si senatui doloris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta,

id. Sest. 23, 51:

nec tribunis plebis (spatium datur) sui periculi deprecandi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5.—

With antecedent dependent on the gerund:

eamque rem illi putant a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19.—

As adjunct of a noun dependent on a subjectinf., with its logical subject as antecedent:

magnum Miloni fuit, conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia?

Cic. Mil. 15, 40:

neque enim fuit Gabinii, remittere tantum de suo nec regis, imponere tantum plus suis,

his claim, id. Rab. Post. 11, 31:

Piso, cui fructum pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit,

id. Sest. 31, 68:

ei cujus magis intersit, vel sua, vel rei publicae causa vivere,

id. Off. 3, 23, 90:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum de maximis rebus,

id. Or. 2, 81, 333; id. Mil. 15, 41.—With logical subject understood:

totam Italiam suis colonis ut complere (sc. eis) liceat, permittitur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:

maximum (sc. eis) solacium erit, propinquorum eodem monumento declarari, et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pietatem,

id. Phil. 14, 13, 35.

Without gram. antec., one ' s, one ' s own.

Dependent on subject-inff.:

ejusdem animi est, posteris suis amplitudinem nobis quam non acceperit tradere, et memoriam prope intermortuam generis sui, virtute renovare,

Cic. Mur. 7, 16:

siquidem atrocius est, patriae parentem quam suum occidere,

id. Phil. 2, 13, 31:

miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armorum praesidio non posse vivere,

id. ib. 2, 44, 112: quanto est honestius, alienis injuriis quam suis commoveri, one ' s own, id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169:

contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae,

id. Par. 6, 51:

ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23:

detrahere de altero sui commodi causa,

id. ib. 3, 5, 24:

suis exemplis melius est uti,

Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2:

levius est sua decreta tollere quam aliorum,

Liv. 3, 21. 5; 39, 5, 2;

29, 37, 11: satius est vitae suae rationes quam frumenti publici nosse,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 3:

quanto satius est sua mala exstinguere quam aliena posteris tradere?

id. Q. N. 3, praef. 5:

cum initia beneficiorum suorum spectare, tum etiam exitus decet,

id. Ben. 2, 14, 2; 3, 1, 5:

Romani nominis gloriae, non suae, composuisse illa decuit,

Plin. 1, prooem. § 16.—With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent: cum possimus ab Ennio sumere... exemplum, videtur esse arrogantia illa relinquere, et ad sua devenire, to one ' s own = to our own, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2.—

Without a subject-inf.:

omnia torquenda sunt ad commodum suae causae... sua diligenter narrando,

Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sua (al. sui) solum, sed etiam aliorum, id. Off. 1, 39, 139:

erat Dareo mite ac tractabile ingenium, nisi suam naturam plerumque fortuna corrumperet (suam not referring to Dareo),

Curt. 3, 2, 17 MSS. (Foss, mansuetam). — With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent (cf. 1. supra):

non erit ista amicitia sed mercatura quaedam utilitatum suarum,

Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122; cf.: pro suo possidere, II. A. 2. a. g; and Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73, II. A. 2. b. a; cf. also II. B. 1. a; II. B. 5. c.; II. B. 7. b.; II. C. 8. b. b infra.

With antec. in a previous sentence. Here ejus, eorum, earum are used for his, her, their, unless the clause is oblique in regard to the antecedent, i. e. the antecedent is conceived as the author of the statement.

In clauses dependent on a verbum sentiendi or dicendi, expressed or understood, referring to the grammatical or logical subject of the verb.

In infinitive clauses:

(Clodius) Caesaris potentiam suam potentiam esse dicebat,

Cic. Mil. 32, 88:

(Caelius) a sua (causa) putat ejus (i.e. Ascitii) esse sejunctam,

id. Cael. 10, 24:

ipsos certo scio non negare ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo (referring to ipsos),

id. Rosc. Am. 37, 107:

hostes viderunt,... suorum tormentorum usum spatio propinquitatis interire,

Caes. B. C. 2, 16:

docent, sui judicii rem non esse,

id. ib. 1, 13.—The reference of suus may be ambiguous, esp. if an infinitive is dependent on another:

hoc Verrem dicere ajebant, te... opera sua consulem factum, i.e. Verris, though grammatically it might refer to the subj. of aiebant,

Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:

(Ariovistus) dixit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36; cf. the context with, in all, eleven reflexive pronouns referring to four different antecedents (populus Romanus, Ariovistus, Caesar, nemo); cf.

also: occurrebat ei, mancam praeturam suam futuram consule Milone,

Cic. Mil. 9, 25; 32, 88; Liv. 3, 42, 2.—

Suus in a clause dependent on inf.:

scio equidem, ut, qui argentum afferret atque expressam imaginem suam (i.e. militis) huc ad nos, cum eo ajebat velle mitti mulierem,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 55:

isti bonorum emptores arbitrantur, vos hic sedere qui excipiatis eos qui de suis (i.e. emptorum) manibus effugerint,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

Siculi venisse tempus ajebant ut commoda sua defenderem,

id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:

ut tunc tandem sentiret recuperanda esse quae prius sua culpa amissa forent,

Liv. 44, 8, 4. —

Ambiguous: velle Pompejum se Caesari purgatum, ne ea quae reipublicae causa egerit (Pompejus) in suam (i.e. Caesaris) contumeliam vertat (where suam might be referred to Pompejus),

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—

In oblique clauses introduced by ut or ne, or clauses subordinate to such:

Cassius constituit ut ludi absente te fierent suo nomine,

Cic. Att. 15, 11, 2:

postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam tam nefariam adjutores vos profiteamini,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

Nasidius eos magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe, additis suis (i.e. Nasidii) auxiliis confligant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 3:

(regem) denuntiasse sibi ut triduo regni sui decederent finibus,

Liv. 42, 25, 12:

Sabinae mulieres, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne parricidio macularent partus suos (i.e. mulierum),

id. 1, 13, 2:

Patron praecepit suis ut arma induerent, ad omne imperium suum parati,

Curt. 5, 11, 1.—With reflex. pron., referring to a different antecedent:

ad hanc (Laidem) Demosthenes clanculum adit, et ut sibi copiam sui faceret, petit,

Gell. 1, 8, 5. —

In subordinate clauses introduced by quin or quod:

(Dejotarus) non recusat quin id suum facinus judices,

Cic. Deiot. 15, 43; so id. ib. 4, 15;

16, 45: parietes hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod futura sit illa auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus,

id. Marcell. 3, 10:

quidni gauderet quod iram suam nemo sentiret?

Sen. Troad. 3, 13:

querenti quod uxor sua e fico se suspendisset,

Quint. 6, 3, 88;

and with intentional ambiguity: cum Proculejus quereretur de filio quod is mortem suam expectaret,

id. 9, 3, 68. —

In interrogative clauses:

si, quod officii sui sit, non occurrit animo, nihil umquam omnino aget,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:

ut non auderet iterum dicere quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

id. Caecin. 10, [p. 1825] 28:

donec sciat unisquisque quid sui, quid alieni sit,

Liv. 6, 27, 8:

rex ignarus, quae cum Hannibale legatis suis convenisset, quaeque legati ejus ad se allaturi fuissent,

id. 23, 39, 2:

postquam animadvertit quantus agminis sui terror esset,

id. 43, 19, 5. —

In a virtually oblique clause.

In final clause, introduced by ut, ne, or rel., referring to the subject of the purpose:

me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori suae,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 41:

quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latrocinarentur, i. e. Appii,

Cic. Mil. 7, 17:

quae gens ad Caesarem legatos mise. rat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus uteretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 80:

inde castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit,

Liv. 43, 23, 5:

(Romani) Albam a fundamentis proruerunt, ne memoria originum suarum exstaret,

id. 26, 13, 16:

oppidani nuntios Romam, qui certiorem de suo casu senatum facerent, misere,

id. 6, 33, 7; cf.:

tanto intervallo ab hostibus consedit, ut nec adventus suus propinquitate nimia nosci posset, et, etc.,

Liv. 10, 20, 7:

Datames locum delegit talem ut non multum obesse multitudo hostium suae paucitati posset,

Nep. Dat. 7, 3:

quid si gubernator a diis procellas petat ut gratior ars sua periculo fiat?

Sen. Ben. 6, 25, 4. —

In other dependent clauses represented as conceived by an antecedent in the principal sentence:

Sulla, si sibi suus pudor ac dignitas non prodesset, nullum auxilium requisivit ( = negavit se defendi velle, si, etc.),

Cic. Sull. 5, 15:

Paetus omnes libros quos frater suus reliquisset mihi donavit ( = dixit se donare libros quos, etc.),

id. Att. 2, 1, 12:

non enim a te emit, sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit ( = potitus est, ne, etc.),

id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:

Africanus, si sua res ageretur, testimonium non diceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 36, 3:

ille ipse (Pompejus) proposuit epistulam illam, in qua est Pro tuis rebus gestis amplissimis. Amplioribusne quam suis, quam Africani?

id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

spiritus dabat (Manlio) quod... vinculorum suorum invidiam dictator fugisset,

Liv. 6, 18, 4:

(Numa) Camenis eum lucum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum conjuge sua Egeria essent,

id. 1, 21, 3:

adulescens deos omnis invocare ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se esset,

id. 26, 50, 4 (cf. D. 1. a. infra).

In the place of ejus.

In clauses virtually oblique, but with indicative, being conceived by the antecedent (hence suus, not ejus), but asserted as fact by the author (hence indicative, not subjunctive):

Cicero tibi mandat ut Aristodemo idem respondeas, quod de fratre suo (Ciceronis) respondisti,

Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4:

oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, imperium amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant,

Liv. 1, 17, 2:

C. Caesar villam pulcherrimam, quia mater sua aliquando in illa custodita erat, diruit,

Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 5:

Philemonem, a manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplici morte punivit,

Suet. Caes. 74; cf.:

quomodo excandescunt si quid e juba sua decisum est,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 3.—

To avoid ambiguity:

petunt rationes illius (Catilinae) ut orbetur consilio res publica, ut minuatur contra suum (i.e. Catilinae) furorem imperatorum copia (instead of ejus, which might be referred to res publica),

Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

equites a cornibus positos, cum jam pelleretur media peditum suorum acies, incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt,

Liv. 1, 37, 3.—

Colloquially and in epistolary style suus is used emphatically instead of ejus, with the meaning own, peculiar: deinde ille actutum subferret suus servus poenas Sosia, his own slave (opp. Mercury, who personates Sosias), Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 19: mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum quae magistratus sui fecerant, their own magistrates ( = ipsorum), Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:

in quibus (litteris Bruti) unum alienum summa sua prudentia (est), ut spectem ludos suos,

his peculiar prudence, id. ib. 15, 26, 1; so,

quod quidem ille (Nero) decernebat, quorumdam dolo ad omina sui exitus vertebatur,

Tac. A. 16, 24; cf. II. A. 1. b and g; II. A. 2. a. b; II. B. 3.—

Without particular emphasis (mostly ante- and post-class. and poet.):

tum erit tempestiva cum semen suum maturum erit,

Cato, R. R. 31:

vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute,

id. ib. 37:

qui sic purgatus erit, diuturna valetudine utatur, neque ullus morbus veniet, nisi sua culpa,

id. ib. 157:

Cimon in eandem invidiam incidit quam pater suus,

Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

id qua ratione consecutus sit (Lysander) latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus factum est, etc.,

id. Lys. 1, 2:

ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat regia sua, Concidit,

Ov. F. 6, 601:

quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto, Truncat olus foliis,

id. M. 8, 646; so id. ib. 15, 819.

In partic.

As substt.

sui, suorum, m., his, their (etc.) friends, soldiers, fellow-beings, equals, adherents, followers, partisans, posterity, slaves, family, etc., of persons in any near connection with the antecedent.

(Corresp. to the regular usage, I. A. B. C.) Cupio abducere ut reddam (i.e. eam) suis, to her family, friends, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 77; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

cum animus societatem caritatis coierit cum suis, omnesque natura conjunctos suos duxerit,

fellow-beings, Cic. Leg. 1, 23, 60:

mulier ingeniosa praecepit suis omnia Caelio pollicerentur,

her slaves, id. Cael. 25, 62:

quo facilius et nostras domos obire, et ipse a suis coli possit,

his friends, id. ib. 7, 18:

qua gratiam beneficii vestri cum suorum laude conjungant,

their family, id. Agr. 2, 1, 1:

vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset,

to his posterity, id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:

cum divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur,

his partisans, id. ib. 13, 9, 19:

Caesar, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25; so,

Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium incolumibus,

id. B. C. 2, 35:

Caesar receptui suorum timens,

id. ib. 3, 46:

certior ab suis factus est, praeclusas esse portas,

id. ib. 2, 20:

omnium suorum consensu, Curio bellum ducere parabat,

id. ib. 2, 37: so,

Pompejus suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare,

id. ib. 3, 86:

Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit,

to his officers, id. ib. 3, 25:

naviculam conscendit cum paucis suis,

a few of his followers, id. ib. 3, 104:

multum cum suis consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem loqueretur,

id. ib. 1, 19:

nupsit Melino, adulescenti inprimis inter suos et honesto et nobili,

his equals, associates, Cic. Clu. 5, 11:

rex raptim a suis in equum impositus fugit,

his suite, Liv. 41, 4, 7:

subsidio suorum proelium restituere,

comrades, id. 21, 52, 10:

feras bestias... ad opem suis ferendam avertas,

their young, id. 26, 13, 12:

abstulit sibi in suos potestatem,

his slaves, Sen. Ira, 3, 12, 6:

Besso et Nabarzani nuntiaverant sui regem... interemptum esse,

their fellow - conspirators, Curt. 5, 12, 14. — Very rarely sing.:

ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. Si quem libido abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus conjuravit, non suum judicet esse,

Liv. 39, 16, 5.—

Irregular use (acc. to I. D.): sui = ejus amici, etc. (freq.;

the absolute use of ejus in this sense being inadmissible): quasi vero quisquam dormiat? ne sui quidem hoc velint, non modo ipse (sui = ejus amici, liberi),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

is (annus) ejus omnem spem... morte pervertit. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, acerbum patriae, etc.,

id. Or. 3, 2, 8:

quadrigas, quia per suos ( = ipsius milites) agendae erant, in prima acie locaverat rex,

Liv. 37, 41, 8:

auctoritatem Pisistrati qui inter suos ( = ejus cives) maxima erat,

id. 37, 12:

quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse fuit superior, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 8, 4; v. g.—

Without antecedent (cf. I. B. supra): quoties necesse est fallere aut falli a suis, by one ' s friends, Sen. Phoen. 493.—

Sing.: sŭa, suae. f., a sweetheart, mistress (rare): illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit. Cic. Phil. 2, 28. 69:

cedo quid hic faciet sua?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 92.—

sŭum, i, n., and more freq. sŭa, suorum, n. plur., = one ' s property.

Lit.:

nec suom adimerem alteri,

his property, his own, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38 (34):

nunc si ille salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi (v. D. 3. a. infra),

id. ib. 1, 2, 119:

illum studeo quam facillime ad suum pervenire,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 4:

populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem ut socios sui nihil deperdere velit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43; cf. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 3, I. A. 11. supra:

nec donare illi de suo dicimur,

Sen. Ben. 7, 4, 2; so esp. with quisque; v. infra — Hence, de suo = per se, or sua sponte;

(stellae) quae per igneos tractus labentia inde splendorem trahant caloremque, non de suo clara,

Sen. Q. N. 7, 1, 6. —

Trop.:

meum mihi placebat, illi suum (of a literary essay),

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: suom quemque decet, his own manners, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 11; so, expendere oportet quid quisque habeat sui ( what peculiarities) nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant;

id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113.—

Jurid. term: aliquid pro suo possidere, to possess in the belief of one ' s legal right:

pro suo possessio tale est, cum dominium nobis acquiri putamus. Et ea causa possidemus ex qua acquiritur, et praeterea pro suo,

Dig. 41, 10, 1;

so without an antecedent, and referring to a first person: item re donata, pro donato et pro suo possideo,

ib. 41, 10, 1; v. the whole tit. ib. 42, 10 (Pro suo); cf. ib. 23, 3, 67; cf. C., infra fin.;

similarly: usucapere pro suo = acquire dominion by a possession pro suo, Fragm. Vat. 111: res pro suo, quod justam causam possidendi habet, usucapit,

id. ib. 260; Dig. 41, 3, 27. —

One ' s property:

Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:

qui etiam hostibus externis victis sua saepissime reddiderunt,

id. Agr. 1, 6, 19:

tu autem vicinis tuis Massiliensibus sua reddis,

id. Att. 14, 14, 6:

Remi legatos miserunt qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2; 1, 11, 2; 2, 13, 2:

ipsi milites alveos informes quibus se suaque transveherent, faciebant,

their baggage, Liv. 21, 26, 9:

docere eos qui sua permisere fortunae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 7; so without an antecedent, one ' s own property (cf. I. B. 2. supra):

hanc ob causam maxime ut sua tenerentur res publicae constitutae sunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73;

rarely = eorum res: quod vero etiam sua reddiderint (i.e. Gallis),

Liv. 39, 55, 3. —

One ' s own affairs:

aliena ut melius videant et dijudicent Quam sua,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 96:

cognoscunt... immobile agmen et sua quemque molientem,

Liv. 10, 20, 8:

omnia ei hostium non secus quam sua nota erant,

id. 22, 41, 5:

aliena cum suis perdidit,

Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 3.— Absol., referring to a noun fem.: sua (finxit) C. Cassius ( = suas persuasiones; cf.

the context),

Quint. 6, 3, 90.

Predicative uses: suum esse, facere, fieri, putare, etc., like a gen. poss., to be, etc., the property, or under the dominion, control, power of the antecedent.

Of property in things.

Corporeal:

scripsit causam dicere Prius aurum quare sit suum,

Ter. Eun. prol. 11:

nihil erat cujusquam quod non hoc anno suum fore putabat (Clodius),

Cic. Mil. 32, 87:

quia suum cujusque fit, eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,

id. Off. 1, 7, 21:

Juba suam esse praedicans praedam,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84:

gratum sibi populum facturum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent,

Liv. 22, 32, 8: libros esse dicimus Ciceronis;

eosdem Dorus librarius suos vocat,

Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 1:

cum enim istarum personarum nihil suum esse possit,

since these persons can own nothing, Gai. Inst. 2, 96; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 15 pr.—Virtually predicative:

referas ad eos qui suam rem nullam habent ( = rem quae sua sit),

nothing of their own, Cic. Phil. 2, 6, 15:

qui in potestate nostra est, nihil suum habere potest,

Gai. Inst. 2, 84. — ( b) Of literary works:

quae convenere in Andriam ex Perinthia Fatetur transtulisse, atque usum pro suis ( = quasi sua essent),

Ter. And. prol. 14:

potest autem... quae tum audiet... ingenue pro suis dicere,

his own thoughts, Quint. 12, 3, 3.—

Of a country or people:

suum facere = suae dicionis facere: commemorat ut (Caesar) magnam partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam fecerit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32:

in quam (Asiam) jam ex parte suam fecerit,

Liv. 44, 24, 4:

crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit,

id. 21, 44, 5.—

Trop.:

omnia sua putavit quae vos vestra esse velletis,

Cic. Phil. 11, 12, 27:

non meminit, illum exercitum senatus populique Romani esse, non suum,

id. ib. 13, 6, 4: [p. 1826] probavit, non rempublicam suam esse, sed se reipublicae, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 8;

so of incorporeal things: hi si velint scire quam brevis eorum vita sit, cogitent ex quota parte sua sit,

how much of it is their own, id. Brev. Vit. 19, 3; so, suum facere, to appropriate:

prudentis est, id quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere,

Quint. 10, 2, 26:

quaeremus quomodo animus (hanc virtutem) usu suam faciat,

Sen. Clem. 1, 3, 1.—

Of persons.

Under a master ' s or father ' s control:

ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret, neve alienaret,

make any one his slave, Liv. 41, 8, 12: quid eam tum? suamne esse ajebat, his daughter, i.e. in his power? Ter. And. 5, 4, 29:

eduxit mater pro sua ( = quasi sua esset),

id. Eun. 1, 2, 76.—

Reflexively = sui juris, independent, one ' s own master or mistress, not subject to another ' s control, under one ' s own control (v. sui juris, infra):

ancilla, quae mea fuit hodie, sua nunc est,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 3.—

Of moral power over others: suus = devoted to one:

hice hoc munere arbitrantur Suam Thaidem esse,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 38:

eos hic fecit suos Paulo sumptu,

id. Ad. 5, 4, 21:

sed istunc exora, ut (mulierem) suam esse adsimulet,

to be friendly to him, id. Heaut. 2, 3, 117:

cum Antonio sic agens ut perspiciat, si in eo negotio nobis satisfecerit, totum me futurum suum,

Cic. Att. 14, 1 a, 2:

Alpheus... utebatur populo sane suo,

devoted to him, id. Quint. 7, 29.— Poet.: vota suos habuere deos, the vows (inst. of the persons uttering them) had the gods on their side, Ov. M. 4, 373. —

Of power over one's self, etc.:

nam qui sciet ubi quidque positum sit, quaque eo veniat, is poterit eruere, semperque esse in disputando suus,

self-possessed, Cic. Fin. 4, 4, 10:

inaestimabile bonum est suum fieri,

selfcontrol, Sen. Ep. 75, 18:

(furiosus) qui suus non est,

Dig. 42, 4, 7, § 9:

vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos Mentis erat,

Ov. M. 8, 35. —

Suum est, as impers. predicate: = ejus est, characteristic of, peculiar to one (very rare):

dixit antea, sed suum illud est, nihil ut affirmet,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.

Attributive usages, almost always (except in Seneca) with suus before its noun.

The property, relations, affairs, etc., of one opposed to those of another, own.

Opposition expressed:

nihil de suo casu, multa de vestro querebatur,

Cic. Balb. 8, 21:

sua sibi propiora pericula quam mea loquebantur,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

suasque et imperatoris laudes canentes,

Liv. 45, 38, 12:

damnatione collegae et sua,

id. 22, 35, 3:

Senecae fratris morte pavidum et pro sua incolumitate pavidum,

Tac. A. 14, 73:

velut pro Vitellio conquerentes suum dolorem proferebant,

id. H. 3, 37;

opp. alienus: ut suo potius tempore mercatorem admitterent, quam celerius alieno,

at a time convenient to themselves, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11. —Without antecedent, opp. externus:

(Platoni) duo placet esse motus, unum suum, alterum externum, esse autem divinius quod ipsum ex se sua sponte moveatur, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32. —

Implied:

voluptatem suis se finibus tenere jubeamus,

within the limits assigned to it, Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 1:

cum vobis immortale monumentum suis paene manibus senatus... exstruxerit,

id. Phil. 14, 12, 33:

superiores (amnes) in Italia, hic (Rhodanus) trans Alpes, hospitales suas tantum, nec largiores quam intulere aquas vehentes,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224: colligitur aqua ex imbribus;

ex suo fonte nativa est,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 3:

pennas ambo non habuere suas (non suas = alienas),

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 24. —

In particular phrases. ( a) Sua sponte and suo Marte, of one ' s own accord, by one ' s self, without the suggestion, influence, aid, etc., of others:

Caesar bellum contra Antonium sua sponte suscepit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5:

sua sponte ad Caesarem in jus adierunt,

Caes. B. C. 1, 87.—So of things, = per se, by or of itself, for itself, for its own sake:

jus et omne honestum sua sponte expetendum (cf. in the context: per se igitur jus est expetendum),

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: justitium sua sponte inceptum priusquam indiceretur, by itself, i. e. without a decree, Liv. 9, 7, 8; so,

sortes sua sponte attenuatas,

id. 22, 1, 11 (cf. id. 22, 38, 13; 35, 14, 4, I. A. 2., supra): rex enim ipse, sua sponte, nullis commentariis Caesaris, simul atque audivit ejus interitum suo Marte res suas recuperavit, Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95.—

Suus locus, in milit. lang., one ' s own ground, position, or lines:

restitit suo loco Romana acies (opp. to the advance of the enemy),

Liv. 22, 16, 2.—So figuratively:

et staturas suo loco leges,

Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2:

aciem instruxit primum suis locis, pauloque a castris Pompeji longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84 (cf.: suo loco, 7. b. g, infra).—

For suo jure v. 3. infra.—

Sua Venus = one's own Venus, i. e. good luck (v. Venus): ille non est mihi par virtutibus, nec officiis;

sed habuit suam Venerem,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 2. —

Of private relations (opp. to public):

ut in suis rebus, ita in re publica luxuriosus nepos,

Cic. Agr. 2, 18, 48:

deinde ut communibus pro communibus utatur, privatis ut suis,

id. Off. 1, 7, 20:

quod oppidum Labienus sua pecunia exaedificaverat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15:

militibus agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur,

i. e. his private property, id. ib. 1, 17; Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 3. —

Of just rights or claims:

imperatori senatuique honos suus redditus,

due to them, Liv. 3, 10, 3:

neque inpedimento fuit, quominus religionibus suus tenor suaque observatio redderetur,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 8:

quibus omnibus debetur suus decor,

Quint. 11, 1, 41. —

So distributively: is mensibus suis dimisit legionem,

in the month in which each soldier was entitled to his discharge, Liv. 40, 41, 8. — Esp.: suo jure (so, meo, nostro, tuo, etc., jure), by his own right:

Tullus Hostilius qui suo jure in porta nomen inscripsit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 26:

earum rerum hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo jure debet,

id. Arch. 1, 1; id. Marcell. 2, 6; id. Phil. 2, 25, 62; id. Balb. 8, 21:

numquam illum res publica suo jure esset ulta,

by its unquestionable right, id. Mil. 33, 88. —

Of that to which one is exclusively devoted:

huic quaestioni suum diem dabimus,

a day for its exclusive discussion, Sen. Ep. 94, 52:

homini autem suum bonum ratio est,

his exclusive good, id. ib. 76, 10:

in majorem me quaestionem vocas, cui suus locus, suus dies dandus est,

id. Q. N. 2, 46, 1. —

With proprius: mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem suo proprio magistratu egere,

that the business needed a particular officer exclusively for itself, Liv. 4, 8, 4:

et Hannibalem suo proprio occupandum bello,

id. 27, 38, 7; cf.:

dissupasset hostes, ni suo proprio eum proelio equites Volscorum exceptum tenuissent,

in which they alone fought, id. 3, 70, 4:

mare habet suas venas quibus impletur,

by which it alone is fed, Sen. Q. N. 3, 14, 3. —

According to one ' s liking, of one ' s own choice.

Of persons, devoted to one, friendly, dear:

Milone occiso (Clodius) habuisset suos consules,

after his own heart, Cic. Mil. 33, 89:

collegit ipse se contra suum Clodium,

his dear Clodius, id. Pis. 12, 27 (cf.: suum facere, habere, II. B. 2. g).—

Of things, favorable.

Of place: neque Jugurtham nisi... suo loco pugnam facere, on his own ground, i. e. chosen by him, favorable, Sall. J. 61, 1:

hic magna auxilia expectabant et suis locis bellum in hiemem ducere cogitabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 61; cf.:

numquam nostris locis laboravimus,

Liv. 9, 19, 15.—

Of time:

cum Perseus suo maxime tempore et alieno hostibus incipere bellum posset,

Liv. 42, 43, 3; v. 7. b, infra. —

Of circumstances: sua occasio, a favorable opportunity; sometimes without antecedent:

neque occasioni tuae desis, neque suam occasionem hosti des,

Liv. 22, 39, 21:

tantum abfuit ut ex incommodo alieno sua occasio peteretur,

id. 4, 58, 2:

aestuque suo Locros trajecit,

a favorable tide, id. 23, 41, 11:

ignoranti quem portum petat nullus suus ventus est,

Sen. Ep. 71, 3:

orba suis essent etiamnunc lintea ventis,

Ov. M. 13, 195:

aut ille Ventis iturus non suis,

Hor. Epod. 9, 30. —

Of persons or things, peculiar, particular:

quae est ei (animo) natura? Propria, puto, et sua,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:

omnis enim motus animi suum quendam a natura habet vultum,

id. de Or. 3, 57, 316:

geometrae et musici... more quodam loquuntur suo. Ipsae rhetorum artes verbis in docendo quasi privatis utuntur ac suis,

id. Fin. 3, 1, 4:

sensus omnis habet suum finem,

its peculiar limits, Quint. 9, 4, 61: animus cum suum ambitum complevit et finibus se suis cinxit, consummatum est summum bonum, Sen. Vit. Beat. 9, 3: est etiam in nominibus ( nouns) diverso collocatis sua gratia, their peculiar elegance, Quint. 9, 3, 86:

ibi non bello aperto, sed suis artibus, fraude et insidiis, est paene circumventus,

Liv. 21, 34, 1:

nec Hannibalem fefellit, suis se artibus peti,

id. 22, 16, 5:

adversus hostem non virtute tantum, sed suis (i. e. hostis) etiam pugnare consiliis oportebat,

Flor. 2, 6, 26:

liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo modo expleturum,

Liv. 22, 28, 2:

equites ovantes sui moris carmine,

id. 10, 26, 11:

exsultans cum sui moris tripudiis,

id. 21, 42, 3:

tripudiantes suo more,

id. 23, 26, 9.—So, suo Marte, referring to the style of fighting peculiar to the different arms:

equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare,

that the cavalry were fighting both in their own style and in that of the other arms, Liv. 3, 62, 9; cf.: suo Marte, 1, c. a, supra.—And distributively ( = suus quisque):

suos autem haec operum genera ut auctores, sic etiam amatores habent,

Quint. 12, 10, 2:

illa vero fatidica fulmina ex alto et ex suis venire sideribus,

Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 113; cf.:

quae quidem planiora suis exemplis reddentur,

Val. Max. 3, 4 prooem.—

Proper, right.

Referring to one's ordinary or normal condition:

quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum naves habuissent,

their regular complement, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133. — So poet.:

flecte ratem! numerum non habet illa suum,

its full number, Ov. H. 10, 36:

novus exercitus consulibus est decretus: binae legiones cum suo equitatu,

Liv. 40, 36, 6:

cum suo justo equitatu,

id. 21, 17, 8:

totam (disciplinam) in suum statum redegit,

Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:

tranquilla mente et vultu suo,

with the ordinary expression of his face, Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 2:

media pars aeris ab his (ignibus) submota, in frigore suo manet. Natura enim aeris gelida est,

id. Q. N. 2, 10, 4:

cornuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis,

not natural to her, Ov. H. 14, 90. —

So, non suus, of ingrafted branches and their fruit: miraturque (arbos) novas frondis et non sua poma,

Verg. G. 2, 82. —

Of time, proper, regular, etc. (cf. 5. b, supra).

The regular time ( = stato tempore):

signum quod semper tempore exoritur suo,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 4:

cum et recte et suo tempore pepererit,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 16: aestas suo tempore incanduit...;

tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies retulit,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:

omnes venti vicibus suis spirant majore ex parte,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128. —

The right or proper time:

salictum suo tempore caedito,

Cato, R. R. 33:

cessit e vita suo magis quam suorum civium tempore,

the right time for himself, Cic. Brut. 1, 4; so,

exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est,

id. Sen. 23, 85:

Scandilius dicit se suo tempore rediturum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139:

si Ardeates sua tempora exspectare velint,

Liv. 4, 7, 6:

Chrysippus dicit, illum... opperiri debere suum tempus, ad quod velut dato signo prosiliat,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 3:

quam multi exercitus tempore suo victorem hostem pepulerunt!

Liv. 44, 39, 4. — Without antecedent: sed suo tempore totius sceleris hujus fons aperietur. Cic. Phil. 14, 6, 15; cf.:

de ordine laudis, etc., praecipiemus suo tempore,

Quint. 2, 4, 21. —

Suo loco = at the proper place:

quae erant prudentiae propria suo loco dicta sunt,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 143:

quod reddetur suo loco,

Quint. 11, 1, 16:

ut suo loco dicetur,

Plin. 2, 90, 102, § 221:

inscripta quae suis locis reddam,

id. 1, prooem. § 27; Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2; cf. 1, c. b; 4. supra. —

Suited, appropriate, adapted to one:

in eodem fundo suum quidquid conseri oportet,

Cato, R. R. 7:

siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo,

at a suitable price, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 30:

in partes suas digerenda causa,

Quint. 11, 1, 6:

confundetur quidquid in suas partes natura digessit,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 8. — Poet.: haec ego dumque queror, lacrimae sua verba sequuntur, Deque meis oculis in tua membra cadunt, appropriate, i. e. tristia, Ov. H. 14, 67.—Without antecedent: suum quidquid genus talearum serito, any fit kind, i. e. suited to the ground, Cato, R. R. 48. —

Own, with the notion of independence of, or dependence on others (cf. B. 2. g d).

Of political independence: pacem condicionibus his fecerunt ut Capuae suae leges, sui magistratus essent, her own laws, i. e. not subject to Carthage, Liv. 23, 7, 2: liberos [p. 1827] eos ac suis legibus victuros, id. 25, 23, 4. —

Esp. in the phrases suae potestatis or in sua potestate esse, suo jure uti, sui juris esse: Puteolos, qui nunc in sua potestate sunt, suo jure, libertate aequa utuntur, totos occupabunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 86:

Rhegini potestatis suae ad ultimum remanserunt,

retained their self-government, Liv. 23, 30, 9:

urbem ne quam formulae sui juris facerent,

id. 38, 9, 10. —

Of paternal authority.

Free from the power of the paterfamilias; in the phrases sui juris esse, suae potestatis esse, to be independent:

quaedam personae sui juris sunt, quaedam alieno juri sunt subjectae, Gai,

Inst. 1, 48:

sui juris sunt familiarum suarum principes, id est pater familiae, itemque mater familiae,

Ulp. Fragm. 4, 1:

liberi parentum potestate liberantur emancipatione. Sed filius quidem ter manumissus sui juris fit, ceteri autem liberi una manumissione sui juris fiunt,

id. ib. 10, 1:

morte patris filius et filia sui juris fiunt,

id. ib. 10, 2:

patres familiarum sunt qui sunt suae potestatis,

Dig. 1, 6, 4:

si modo defunctus testator suae potestatis mortis tempore fuerit,

Gai. Inst. 2, 147. —

With indef. reference: si sui juris sumus,

Dig. 46, 2, 20; cf.:

pro suo possideo, 2. a. supra.—Attributively: sui juris arrogatio feminae,

Cod. Just. 8, 47, 8:

homo sui juris,

ib. 10, § 5.— Trop.:

sapiens numquam semiliber erit: integrae semper libertatis et sui juris,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 5, 3:

non illarum coitu fieri cometen, sed proprium et sui juris esse,

id. Q. N. 7, 12, 2: nullique sunt tam feri et sui juris adfectus, ut non disciplina perdomentur, id. Ira, 2, 12, 3. —

Subject to paternal authority, in the phrases suus heres, sui liberi; suus heres, an heir who had been in the paternal power of the deceased:

CVI SVVS HERES NON SIT, XII. Tab. fr. 5, 4.—In the jurists without antecedent: sui et necessarii heredes sunt velut filius filiave, nepos neptisve ex filia, deinceps ceteri qui modo in potestate morientis fuerunt,

Gai. Inst. 2, 156:

(emancipati liberi) non sunt sui heredes,

ib. 2, 135:

alia facta est juris interpretatio inter suos heredes,

ib. 3, 15:

datur patrono adversus suos heredes bonorum possessio (where patrono is not the antecedent of suos),

ib. 3, 41:

sui heredes vel instituendi sunt vel exheredandi,

Ulp. Fragm. 22, 14:

accrescunt suis quidem heredibus in partem virilem, extraneis autem in partem dimidiam,

id. ib. 22, 17. —

Sui liberi, children in paternal power: de suis et legitimis liberis,

Cod. Just. 6, 55 inscr.

In particular connections.

With ipse, his own, etc. (cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696).

Ipse agreeing with the antecedent of suus, the antecedent being,

A subjectnom.:

(ingenium ejus) valet ipsum suis viribus,

by its own strength, Cic. Cael. 19, 45:

legio Martia non ipsa suis decretis hostem judicavit Antonium?

by its own resolutions, id. Phil. 4, 2, 5:

ruit ipse suis cladibus,

id. ib. 14, 3, 8:

si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 8:

qui se ipse sua gravitate et castimonia defenderet,

id. Cael. 5, 11:

quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

suamet ipsae fraude omnes interierunt,

Liv. 8, 18, 9; 39, 49, 3:

ut saeviret ipse in suum sanguinem effecerunt,

id. 40, 5, 1:

respicerent suum ipsi exercitum,

id. 42, 52, 10; 21, 31, 12; 22, 38, 3; 6, 19, 6.—

A subject-acc.:

sunt qui dicant eam sua ipsam peremptam mercede,

Liv. 1, 11, 9:

(tribuniciam potestatem) suis ipsam viribus dissolvi,

id. 2, 44, 2.—

An object in dat. or acc.:

sic ut ipsis consistendi in suis munitionibus locus non esset,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

tribuni (hostem) intra suamet ipsum moenia compulere,

Liv. 6, 36, 4:

alios sua ipsos invidia opportunos interemit,

id. 1, 54, 8; 22, 14, 13.—Suus as adjunct of subject (rare):

aliquando sua praesidia in ipsos consurrexerunt,

their own garrisons revolted against them, Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 1.—

With gen. of ipse, strengthening the possessive notion (cf. 4.;

post-Aug. and very rare, but freq. in modern Lat.): aves (foetus suos) libero caelo suaeque ipsorum fiduciae permittunt,

Quint. 2, 6, 7 (but tuus ipsius occurs in Cic.:

tuo ipsius studio,

Cic. Mur. 4, 9:

tuam ipsius amicitiam,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 7).—

Both suus and ipse agreeing with the governing noun (very rare; not in Cic. or Caes.): quae tamen in ipso cursu suo dissipata est (= ipsa in cursu suo), in its very course, Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 3 dub.:

suamet ipsa scelera,

Sall. C. 23, 2 (Dietsch ex conj. ipse):

suismet ipsis corporibus,

Liv. 2, 19, 5 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. ipsi):

a suismet ipsis praesidiis,

id. 8, 25, 6 MSS. (Weissenb. ipsi).—

With quisque, distributively, each ( every one)... his own; in prose quisque is generally preceded by suus.

Quisque and suus in different cases.

Quisque as subjectnom.:

sentit enim vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti,

Lucr. 5, 1033:

suo quisque loco cubet,

Cato, R. R. 5:

suum quisque noscat ingenium,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114:

ad suam quisque (me disciplinam) rapiet,

id. Ac. 2, 36, 114:

quod suos quisque servos in tali re facere voluisset,

id. Mil. 10, 29:

cum suo quisque auxilio uteretur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 51:

celeriter ad suos quisque ordines redit,

id. ib. 3, 37.—In apposition with plur. subj. (freq. in Liv.):

nunc alii sensus quo pacto quisque suam rem Sentiat,

Lucr. 4, 522:

ut omnes cives Romani in suis quisque centuriis prima luce adessent,

that all the Roman citizens should be present, each in his own centuria, Liv. 1, 44, 1:

hinc senatus, hinc plebs, suum quisque intuentes ducem constiterant,

id. 6, 15, 3:

ut (trigemini) pro sua quisque patria dimicent,

id. 1, 24, 2:

stabant compositi suis quisque ordinibus,

id. 44, 38, 11:

(consules) in suas quisque provincias proficiscuntur,

id. 25, 12, 2; 25, 26, 13:

in suo quaeque (stella) motu naturam suam exercent,

Plin. 2, 39, 39, § 106.—With abl. absol.:

omnes, velut dis auctoribus in spem suam quisque acceptis, proelium una voce poscunt,

Liv. 21, 45, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:

relictis suis quisque stationibus... concurrerunt,

id. 32, 24, 4; 4, 44, 10; 39, 49, 3; 2, 38, 6.—

With acc. of quisque as subj.:

fabrum esse suae quemque fortunae, App. Claud. ap. Ps.-Sall. Ep. ad Caes. Rep. c. l.: sui quemque juris et retinendi et dimittendi esse dominum,

Cic. Balb. 13, 31:

recipere se in domos suas quemque jussit,

Liv. 25, 10, 9; and (ungrammatically) nom., as apposition to a subj.-acc.:

se non modo suam quisque patriam, sed totam Siciliam relicturos,

id. 26, 29, 3 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. quosque).—

As adjunct of the subject-nom., with a case of quisque as object, attribut. gen., etc.:

sua cujusque animantis natura est,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 25:

sua quemque fraus, suum facinus, suum scelus, etc., de sanitate ac mente deturbat,

id. Pis. 20, 46:

sua quemque fraus et suus terror maxime vexat,

id. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:

suum cuique incommodum ferendum est,

id. Off. 3, 6, 30:

ut solidum suum cuique solvatur,

id. Rab. Post. 17, 46:

ne suus cuique domi hostis esset,

Liv. 3, 16, 3:

ut sua cuique respublica in manu esset,

id. 26, 8, 11:

animus suus cuique ordinem pugnandi dabat,

id. 22, 5, 8:

tentorium suum cuique militi domus ac penates sunt,

id. 44, 39, 5:

suus cuique (stellae) color est,

Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:

trahit sua quemque voluptas,

Verg. E. 2, 65:

stat sua cuique dies,

id. A. 10, 467.—

As predicate-nom. (v. II. B.):

opinionem, quae sua cuique conjectanti esse potest,

Liv. 6, 12, 3.—

As adjunct of subj.-acc.:

suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:

scientiam autem suam cujusque artis esse,

id. Fin. 5, 9, 26.—

As adjunct of an object, with a case of quisque as object or attribut. gen.: suam cuique sponsam, mihi meam: suum cuique amorem, mihi meum, Atil. Fragm. inc. 1: suom cuique per me uti atque frui licet, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 24 (23), 1:

ut suo quemque appellem nomine,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52:

placet Stoicis suo quamque rem nomine appellare,

Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 1:

ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,

id. Off. 1, 33, 119:

justitia quae suum cuique distribuit,

id. N. D. 3, 15, 38:

in tribuendo suum cuique,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14:

Turnus sui cuique periculi recens erat documentum,

Liv. 1, 52, 4:

in trimatu suo cuique dimidiam esse mensuram futurae certum esse,

Plin. 7, 15, 16, § 73:

certa cuique rerum suarum possessio,

Vell. 2, 89, 4; cf.: qua re suum unicuique studium suaque omnibus delectatio relinquatur, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 26, 93.—With quemque in apposition with acc. plur.:

Camillus vidit intentos opifices suo quemque operi,

Liv. 6, 25, 9; so cujusque in appos. with gen. plur.: trium clarissimorum suae cujusque gentis virorum mors, id. 39, 52, 7; and cuique with dat. plur.: sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam hominibus, Poet. ap. Nep. Att. 11, 6 (where Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, 372, reads quique, ex conj.; cf. b. b, infra).—

Attraction of suus and quisque as adjuncts of nouns.

Attraction of suus:

ut nemo sit nostrum quin in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium requirat acrius (= suum cujusque generis judicium),

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

quas tamen inter omnes (voces) est suo quoque in genere (vox) mediocris ( = inter omnes voces est mediocris vox, sua quoque in genere),

id. de Or. 3, 57, 216:

eo concilia suae cujusque regionis indici jussit (= sua cujusque regionis concilia),

Liv. 45, 29, 10:

equites suae cuique parti post principia collocat (= equites suos cuique parti),

id. 3, 22, 6:

cum motibus armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis,

id. 25, 17, 5:

legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cujusque ordinis militibus (= suis cujusque),

Tac. A. 14, 27:

quae sui cujusque sunt ingenii,

Quint. 7, 10, 10 Halm (al. sua):

sui cujusque ingenii poma vel semina gerunt (= sua cujusque),

Col. 3, 1;

and by a double attraction: has (cohortes) subsidiariae ternae et aliae totidem suae cujusque legionis subsequebantur (= has cohortes... totidem cujusque legionis, suam quaeque legionem, subsequebantur),

Caes. B. C. 1, 83. —

Attraction of quisque:

tanta ibi copia venustatum in suo quique loco sita,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 6 (al. quaeque):

quodvis frumentum non tamen omne Quique suo genere inter se simile esse videbis,

Lucr. 2, 372 Lachm. and Munro ad loc.:

cum verba debeant sui cujusque generis copulari,

Varr. L. L. 10, 48:

in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

haec igitur proclivitas ad suum quodque genus aegrotatio dicatur,

id. Tusc. 4, 12, 28:

separatim greges sui cujusque generis nocte remeabant (= greges sui quisque generis),

Liv. 24, 3, 5:

ut sui cujusque mensis acciperet (frumentum),

Suet. Aug. 40;

and quisque both attracted and in its own case: quia cujusque partis naturae et in corpore et in animo sua quaeque vis sit (where either cujusque or quaeque is redundant),

Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46; v. Madv. ad loc.; Cato, R. R. 23 fin.;

so esp. in the phrases suo quoque tempore, anno, die, loco, etc.: pecunia, quae in stipendium Romanis suo quoque anno penderetur, deerat (= suo quaeque anno),

each instalment in the year when due, Liv. 33, 46, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:

suo quoque loco,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2; 1, 22, 6:

opera quae suis quibusque temporibus anni vilicum exsequi oporteret,

Col. 11, 3:

suo quoque tempore,

Vitr. 2, 9, 4:

nisi sua quaque die usurae exsolverentur (= sua quaeque die),

Dig. 22, 1, 12 init.; 13, 7, 8, § 3:

ut opera rustica suo quoque tempore faciat,

ib. 19, 2, 25, § 3 (al. quaeque)—

In the order quisque... suus.

In relative clauses, comparative clauses with ut, and interrogative clauses introduced by quid, etc., where quisque immediately follows the relative, etc.:

ut quisque suom volt esse, ita est,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 45; cf.

with sibi,

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 49; id. Lael. 9, 30:

expendere oportere quid quisque habeat sui... nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant. Id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,

id. Off. 1, 31, 113:

neque solum quid in senatu quisque civitatis suae dicerent ignorabant, sed, etc.,

Liv. 32, 19, 9:

gratius id fore laetiusque quod quisque sua manu ex hoste captum rettulerit,

id. 5, 20, 8; 6, 25, 10; cf.:

in quibus cum multa sint quae sua quisque dicere velit, nihil est quod quisque suum possit dicere,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 23, 1.—

If the emphasis is not on suus, but (for quisque, when emphatic, unusquisque is used) on some other word:

in civitates quemque suas... dimisit,

Liv. 21, 48, 2:

in patriam quisque suam remissus est,

Just. 33, 2, 8:

in vestigio quemque suo vidit,

Liv. 28, 22, 15; cf.:

hospitibus quisque suis scribebant,

id. 33, 45, 6:

pro facultatibus quisque suis,

id. 42, 53, 3; cf.:

respiciendae sunt cuique facultates suae,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 3:

praecipitat quisque vitam suam et futuri desiderio laborat,

id. Brev. Vit. 7, 5; id. Ben. 7, 5, 1:

tunc praeceps quisque se proripit et penates suos deserit,

id. Q. N. 6, 1, 5; 5, 18, 8:

summum quisque causae suae judicem facit,

Plin. 1, prooem. § 10: aestimatione nocturnae [p. 1828] quietis, dimidio quisque spatio vitae suae vivit, id. 7, 50, 51, § 167.—

Poets adopt the order quisque suus when the metre requires it, Verg. A. 6, 743:

oscula quisque suae matri tulerunt,

Ov. F. 2, 715. —

When suus and quisque belong to different clauses:

atque earum quaeque, suum tenens munus... manet in lege naturae,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38. —

Suus uterque, or uterque suus, distributively of two subjects:

suas uterque legiones reducit in castra,

Caes. B. C. 1, 40; 2, 28:

ideo quod uterque suam legem confirmare debebit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 142:

cum sui utrosque adhortarentur,

Liv. 1, 25, 1:

ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt,

id. 21, 29, 5:

utraque (lex) sua via it,

Sen. Ben. 6, 6, 1; cf.

uterque, in apposit.: nec ipsi tam inter se acriter contenderunt, quam studia excitaverant uterque sui corporis hominum,

Liv. 26, 48, 6.—

With sibi.

Sibi with pronom. force (cf. sui, IV. C. fin.):

reddam suum sibi,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 119 ( = ei; but referred to b, infra, by Brix ad loc.); cf.:

suam rem sibi salvam sistam,

id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:

idem lege sibi sua curationem petet,

for himself, Cic. Agr. 2, 9, 22 (cf. id. Phil. 2, 37, 96;

I. B. 2. b. supra): ut vindicare sibi suum fulgorem possint,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 11; cf.

the formula of divorce: tuas res tibi habeto,

Dig. 24, 2, 2.—Hence, illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69.—

With sibi redundant, to strengthen suus (anteand post-class. and colloq.):

quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 5:

eum necabam ilico per cerebrum pinna sua sibi, quasi turturem,

id. Poen. 2, 40; v. sui, IV. C. and the passages there cited.—

With gen. agreeing with the subject of suus:

quas cum solus pertulisset ut sua unius in his gratia esset,

that the credit of it should belong to him alone, Liv. 2, 8, 3:

qui de sua unius sententia omnia gerat,

id. 44, 22, 11; cf.:

unam Aegyptus in hoc spem habet suam,

Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 2.—For suus ipsius, etc., v. D. 1. b. supra.—

With demonstr., rel., or indef. pronn. and adjj., of his, hers, etc.:

postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam adjutores vos profiteamini,

to this booty of his, Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

Sestius cum illo exercitu suo,

id. Sest. 5, 12:

qua gravitate sua,

id. ib. 61, 129:

suam rem publicam illam defenderunt,

that republic of theirs, id. ib. 67, 141:

in istum civem suum,

against this citizen of theirs, id. Balb. 18, 41:

cum illo suo pari,

id. Pis. 8, 18:

te nulla sua calamitate civitas satiare potest?

id. Phil. 8, 6, 19:

dubitatis igitur, quin vos M. Laterensis ad suam spem aliquam delegerit,

for some hope of his, id. Planc. 16, 39:

non tam sua ulla spe quam militum impetu tractus,

by any hope of his, Liv. 25, 21, 5:

nullo suo merito,

from no fault of theirs, id. 26, 29, 4:

ipse arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,

with a few of his friends, Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—

With descriptive adjj.

Standing before the adj. and noun (so most freq.):

suorum improbissimorum sermonum domicilium,

Cic. Pis. 31, 76:

causam sui dementissimi consilii,

id. Phil. 2, 22, 53:

suam insatiabilem crudelitatem,

id. ib. 11, 3, 8:

suis amplissimis fortunis,

id. ib. 13, 8, 16:

suum pristinum morem,

id. Pis. 12, 27:

suis lenissimis postulatis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5: simili ratione Pompeius in suis veteribus castris consedit (suis emphatic; cf. b, infra), id. ib. 3, 76.—

Between the adj. and noun (less emphatic):

pro eximiis suis beneficiis,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:

propter summam suam humanitatem,

id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:

ex praeteritis suis officiis,

Caes. B. C. 3, 60:

Caesar in veteribus suis castris consedit,

id. ib. 3, 76.—

After adj. and noun:

veterem amicum suum excepit,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:

in illo ardenti tribunatu suo,

id. Sest. 54, 116.—

Objectively for the pers. pron. (rare):

neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur ( = sibi illatae),

Sall. C. 51, 11; so,

neglectam ab Scipione et nimis leviter latam suam injuriam ratus,

Liv. 29, 9, 9:

ipsae enim leges te a cognitione sua judicio publico reppulerunt ( = a se cognoscendo),

Cic. Balb. 14, 32:

suam invidiam tali morte quaesitam ( = quaesitum esse ab eo ut homines se inviderent),

Tac. A. 3, 16; so,

nulla sua invidia,

Cic. Mil. 15, 40.—

Abl. fem. sua, with refert or interest, for gen. of the pers. pron.: neminem esse qui quomodo se habeat nihil sua censeat interesse, Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 30:

si scit sua nihil interesse utrum anima per os, an per jugulum exeat,

Sen. Ep. 76, 33; v. intersum, III.—

Strengthened by the suffix - pte or -met.

By - pte (not used with ipse) affixed to the forms sua, suo, and (ante-class.) suum:

quom illa osculata esset suumpte amicum,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 38:

ut terrena suopte nutu et suo pondere in terram ferantur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

ferri suopte pondere,

id. N. D. 1, 25, 69:

suapte natura,

id. Fat. 18, 42:

suapte vi et natura,

id. ib. 19, 43; id. Fin. 1, 16, 54; 5, 22, 61:

suopte ingenio,

Liv. 25, 18; so id. 1, 25, 1; 1, 18, 4:

suapte manu,

Cic. Or. 3, 3, 10:

locus suapte natura infestus,

Liv. 44, 6, 9; so,

suapte natura,

id. 4, 22, 4:

flumina suapte natura vasta,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 27, 8; so id. Ben. 4, 17, 2:

sponte suapte,

Varr. L. L. 6, 7, § 70.—

With - met, almost always followed by ipse (in all forms of suus except suus, suum, suae, and suorum):

suomet ipsi more,

Sall. J. 31, 6:

suomet ipsi instrumento,

Liv. 22, 14, 13:

suomet ipsi metu,

Tac. H. 3, 16 fin.:

suamet ipsum pecunia,

Sall. J. 8, 2:

suamet ipsae fraude,

Liv. 8, 18, 9:

intra suamet ipsum moenia,

id. 6, 36, 4:

suismet ipsi praesidiis,

id. 8, 25, 6:

suismet ipsis corporibus,

id. 2, 19, 5:

suosmet ipsi cives,

id. 2, 9, 5:

suasmet ipse spes,

Tac. A. 3, 66 fin. —Without ipse:

populum suimet sanguinis mercede,

Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 41, 25 Dietsch:

magna pars suismet aut proxumorum telis obtruncabantur,

id. ib. 2, 52 ib.

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;

so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.

Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).

With antecedent in the same sentence.

The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.

His:

Caesar copias suas divisit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 97:

ille in sua sententia perseverat,

id. ib. 1, 72:

tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,

id. ib. 2, 37:

cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:

cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?

id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:

Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,

Liv. 26, 40, 7:

imperat princeps civibus suis,

Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:

nemo rem suam emit,

id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—

Her:

mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:

utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,

id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:

si nunc facere volt era officium suom,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:

ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78:

si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,

id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—

Its:

omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,

id. Planc. 40, 95.—

Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

mittent aliquem de suo numero,

id. ib. 11, 10, 25:

rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:

qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,

id. Sest. 14, 32:

suis finibus eos prohibent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;

and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,

some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—

With a subject-clause as antecedent:

id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,

was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:

ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

id. 3, 62, 1:

secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,

id. 35, 14, 4. —

With subject-acc. as antecedent:

hanc dicam Athenis advenisse cum aliquo amatore suo, Plant. Mil. 2, 2, 86: doceo gratissimum esse in sua tribu Plancium,

Cic. Planc. 19, 47:

cupio eum suae causae confidere,

id. Sest. 64, 135:

suspicari debuit (Milo), eum (Clodium) ad villam suam (Clodii) deversurum,

id. Mil. 19, 51: Medeam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra dissipavisse, id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:

(dixit) Caesarem pro sua dignitate debere et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—

With object-acc. as antecedent.

Suus being an adjunct of the subject (generally rendered in Engl. by a pass. constr.):

hunc pater suus de templo deduxit,

he was taken from the temple by his father, Cic. Inv. 2, 17, 52:

hunc sui cives e civitate ejecerunt,

id. Sest. 68, 142:

Alexandrum uxor sua... occidit,

id. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

illum ulciscentur mores sui,

id. Att. 9, 12, 2:

quodsi quem natura sua... forte deficiet,

id. Or. 1, 14:

utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat,

Liv. 1, 7, 1:

quas (urbes) sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas sibi opes facere,

id. 1, 9, 3; 1, 7, 15; 6, 33, 5:

quos nec sua conscientia impulerit, nec, etc.,

id. 26, 33, 3; 25, 14, 7:

consulem C. Marium servus suus interemit,

Val. Max. 6, 8, 2:

quis non Vedium Pollionem pejus oderat quam servi sui?

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2:

sera dies sit qua illum gens sua caelo adserat,

id. Cons. Poll. 12 (31), 5.—With the antecedent understood from the principal sentence:

ita forma simili pueri ut mater sua internoscere (sc. eos) non posset,

Plaut. Men. prol. 19; and with suus as adjunct both of the subject and of the antecedent: jubet salvere suos vir uxorem suam, id. merc. 4, 3, 11. —

With impers. verbs:

sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat,

Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35:

video fore ut inimicos tuos poeniteat intemperantiae suae,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:

si Caesarem beneficii sui poeniteret,

id. Lig. 10, 29; so id. Agr. 2, 11, 26:

jam ne nobilitatis quidem suae plebejos poenitere,

Liv. 10, 7, 8:

militem jam minus virtutis poenitere suae,

id. 22, 12, 10.—

As adjunct of other members of the sentence:

ad parentes suos ducas Silenium,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 86. nam is illius filiam conicit in navem clam matrem suam (i.e. filiae), id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:

eosdem ad quaestoris sui aut imperatoris, aut commilitonum suorum pericula impulistis,

Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 34:

totum enim ex sua patria sustulisti,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 127; id. Or. 3, 32, 126: quem (Hammonium) tibi etiam suo nomine ( on his own account) commendo... itaque peto a te ut ejus procuratorem et ipsum suo nomine diligas, id. Fam. 13, 21, 2:

Caesar Fabium in sua remittit hiberna,

Caes. B. G. 5, 33; id. B. C. 3, 24:

introire ad Ciceronem, et domi suae imparatum confodere,

Sall. C. 28, 1:

suis flammis delete Fidenas,

i. e. the flames kindled by the Fidenates, Liv. 4, 33, 5:

suo igni involvit hostes,

Tac. A. 14, 30:

quid Caesarem in sua fata inmisit?

Sen. Ep. 94, 65; id. Q. N. 1, praef. 7; cf.

with antecedent supplied from preceding sentence: non destiti rogare et petere (sc. Brutum) mea causa, suadere et hortari sua,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7.—

With dat. as antecedent.

As adjunct of subject (cf. 4. supra):

suus rex reginae placet,

a queen likes her own king, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 76:

ei nunc alia ducenda'st domum, sua cognata Lemniensis,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 101:

Autronio nonne sodales, non collegae sui... defuerunt?

Cic. Sull. 2, 7:

si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,

id. Cat. 3, 12, 27:

cui non magistri sui atque doctores, cui non... locus ipse... in mente versetur?

id. Planc. 33, 81:

haec omnia plane... Siculis erepta sunt: primum suae leges, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33:

Romanis multitudo sua auxit animum,

Liv. 21, 50, 4:

sicuti populo Romano sua fortuna labet,

id. 42, 50, 7:

Lanuvinis sacra sua reddita,

id. 8, 14, 2:

vilitas sua illis detrahit pretium,

Sen. Ben. 4, 29, 2:

nemo est cui felicitas sua satisfaciat,

id. Ep. 115, 17:

labor illi suus restitutus est,

id. Brev. Vit. 20, 3:

magnitudo sua singulis constat,

id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10:

tantum sapienti sua, quantum Dec omnis aetas patet,

id. Ep. 53, 11. —

With antecedent supplied from principal sentence: mater quod suasit sua Adulescens mulier fecit, i.e. ei,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 38.—

Of other words:

regique Thebano regnum stabilivit suum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 40:

mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 5:

ego Metello non irascor, neque ei suam vacationem eripio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

desinant insidiari domui suae consuli,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 32:

quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus,

id. Mil. 35, 96: Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Liv. [p. 1824] 29, 1, 17:

nos non suas (leges Lacedaemoniis arbitror) ademisse, sed nostras leges dedisse,

id. 39, 37, 6:

Graccho et Tuditano provinciae Lucani et Galliae cum suis exercitibus prorogatae,

id. 25, 3, 5.—

With gen., abl., or object of a prep. as antecedent:

nec illius animi aciem praestringit splendor sui nominis,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:

nolite a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae domesticum et suum consulem avellere,

id. Mur. 41, 90:

quamvis tu magna mihi scripseris de Bruti adventu ad suas legiones,

id. Att. 14, 13, 12:

suae legis ad scriptum ipsam quoque sententiam adjungere,

the meaning of their law to which they refer, id. Inv. 2, 49, 147:

cum ambitio alterius suam primum apud eos majestatem solvisset,

Liv. 22, 42, 12:

nunc causam instituendorum ludorum ab origine sua repetam,

Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:

Jubam in regno suo non locorum notitia adjuvet, non popularium pro rege suo virtus,

Sen. Ep. 71, 10; id. Ben. 7, 6, 3; id. Clem. 1, 3, 4.—Esp. with cujusque as antecedent:

in qua deliberatione ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,

Cic. Off. 1, 33, 119 (v. II. D. 2. infra).— Abl.:

operam dare ut sua lex ipso scripto videatur niti,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 147 (cf. supra):

(Caesar reperiebat) ad Galbam propter justitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam deferri,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4:

credere, ad suum concilium a Jove deos advocari,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 42, 1.—

With predic. nom. as antecedent:

sapientissimi artis suae professores sunt a quibus et propria studia verecunde et aliena callide administrantur,

Val. Max. 8, 12, 1.—

With appositive noun.

With gram. subject as antecedent:

hoc Anaximandro, populari ac sodali suo, non persuasit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

vidit fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum,

id. Mil. 9, 25:

(hic) fuit in Creta contubernalis Saturnini, propinqui sui,

id. Planc. 11, 27:

ut non per L. Crassum, adfinem suum... causam illam defenderit,

id. Balb. 21, 49:

ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat,

id. Lig. 4, 11:

Caesar mittit ad eum A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57.—

With object as antecedent:

Dicaearchum cum Aristoxeno, aequali et condiscipulo suo, omittamus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 41:

tres fratres optimos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque nobis, necessariis suis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavit,

id. Lig. 12, 36:

Varroni, quem, sui generis hominem,... vulgus extrahere ad consulatum nitebatur,

Liv. 22, 34, 2.—

With appositive noun as antecedent:

si P. Scipionem, clarissimum virum, majorumque suorum simillimum res publica tenere potuisset,

Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:

M. Fabi Ambusti, potentis viri cum inter sui corporis homines, tum ad plebem, etc.,

Liv. 6, 34, 5:

C. vero Fabricii, et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum saeculi sui, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet,

Val. Max. 4, 4, 3.—

In participial clauses.

The antecedent being the logical subject of the participle, and other than the principal subject:

credamus igitur Panaetio, a Platone suo dissentienti ( = qui dissentiebat),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

ea Sex. Roscium, expulsum ex suis bonis, recepit domum,

id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:

diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23:

Dejotarum ad me venientem cum omnibus copiis suis, certiorem feci, etc.,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 7; id. Cat. 4, 9, 18: si hominis et suis et populi Romani ornamentis amplissimi ( being greatly distinguished) causam repudiassem, id. Mur. 4, 8:

stupentes tribunos et suam jam vicem magis anxios quam, etc., liberavit consensus populi Romani,

Liv. 8, 35, 1; 22, 42, 8:

manet in folio scripta querela suo ( = quam scripsit),

Ov. F. 5, 224; cf. in abl. absol.:

et ipsis (hostibus) regressis in castra sua,

Liv. 22, 60, 9:

quibus (speculis) si unum ostenderis hominem, populus adparet, unaquaque parte faciem exprimente sua,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 5.—

The logical subject of the participle, being also the principal subject:

sic a suis legionibus condemnatus irrupit in Galliam,

Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:

hunc agrum patres nostri, acceptum a majoribus suis ( = quem acceperant), perdiderunt,

id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:

ut in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92: Appius, odium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, haud ignaro, inquit, imminet fortuna, Liv. 3, 54, 3:

ipsa capit Condita in pharetra ( = quae condiderat) tela minora sua,

Ov. F. 2, 326; cf. in abl. absol.:

Sopater, expositis suis difficultatibus ( = cum exposuisset, etc.): Timarchidem... perducit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

Caesar, primum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

Campani, audita sua pariter sociorumque clade, legatos ad Hannibalem miserunt,

Liv. 25, 15, 1:

(Appius) deposito suo magistratu... domum est reductus,

id. 4, 24, 7; 3, 35, 9; 9, 10, 13; 9, 41, 9.—

The antecedent being the principal subject, not the logical subject of the participle:

M. Papirius dicitur Gallo, barbam suam (i.e. Papirii) permulcenti,... iram movisse,

Liv. 5, 41, 9: cum Gracchus, verecundia deserendi socios, implorantis fidem suam populique Romani, substitisset. id. 23, 36, 8; cf. in abl. absol.:

si sine maximo dedecore, tam impeditis suis rebus, potuisset emori,

Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 29; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Planc. 21, 51; id. Clu. 14, 42:

ita (consul) proelio uno accidit Vestinorum res, haudquaquam tamen incruento milite suo (consulis),

Liv. 8, 29, 12; cf.

with antecedent to be supplied: Campani, cum, robore juventutis suae acciso, nulla (sc. eis) propinqua spes esset, etc.,

id. 7, 29, 7.—

In gerund. construction. ( a) With subject as antecedent:

mihi ipsa Roma ad complectendum conservatorem suum progredi visa est,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52.—

With object, the logical subjects of the gerund as antecedent:

cur iis persequendi juris sui... adimis potestatem?

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:

si senatui doloris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta,

id. Sest. 23, 51:

nec tribunis plebis (spatium datur) sui periculi deprecandi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5.—

With antecedent dependent on the gerund:

eamque rem illi putant a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19.—

As adjunct of a noun dependent on a subjectinf., with its logical subject as antecedent:

magnum Miloni fuit, conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia?

Cic. Mil. 15, 40:

neque enim fuit Gabinii, remittere tantum de suo nec regis, imponere tantum plus suis,

his claim, id. Rab. Post. 11, 31:

Piso, cui fructum pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit,

id. Sest. 31, 68:

ei cujus magis intersit, vel sua, vel rei publicae causa vivere,

id. Off. 3, 23, 90:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum de maximis rebus,

id. Or. 2, 81, 333; id. Mil. 15, 41.—With logical subject understood:

totam Italiam suis colonis ut complere (sc. eis) liceat, permittitur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:

maximum (sc. eis) solacium erit, propinquorum eodem monumento declarari, et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pietatem,

id. Phil. 14, 13, 35.

Without gram. antec., one ' s, one ' s own.

Dependent on subject-inff.:

ejusdem animi est, posteris suis amplitudinem nobis quam non acceperit tradere, et memoriam prope intermortuam generis sui, virtute renovare,

Cic. Mur. 7, 16:

siquidem atrocius est, patriae parentem quam suum occidere,

id. Phil. 2, 13, 31:

miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armorum praesidio non posse vivere,

id. ib. 2, 44, 112: quanto est honestius, alienis injuriis quam suis commoveri, one ' s own, id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169:

contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae,

id. Par. 6, 51:

ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23:

detrahere de altero sui commodi causa,

id. ib. 3, 5, 24:

suis exemplis melius est uti,

Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2:

levius est sua decreta tollere quam aliorum,

Liv. 3, 21. 5; 39, 5, 2;

29, 37, 11: satius est vitae suae rationes quam frumenti publici nosse,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 3:

quanto satius est sua mala exstinguere quam aliena posteris tradere?

id. Q. N. 3, praef. 5:

cum initia beneficiorum suorum spectare, tum etiam exitus decet,

id. Ben. 2, 14, 2; 3, 1, 5:

Romani nominis gloriae, non suae, composuisse illa decuit,

Plin. 1, prooem. § 16.—With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent: cum possimus ab Ennio sumere... exemplum, videtur esse arrogantia illa relinquere, et ad sua devenire, to one ' s own = to our own, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2.—

Without a subject-inf.:

omnia torquenda sunt ad commodum suae causae... sua diligenter narrando,

Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sua (al. sui) solum, sed etiam aliorum, id. Off. 1, 39, 139:

erat Dareo mite ac tractabile ingenium, nisi suam naturam plerumque fortuna corrumperet (suam not referring to Dareo),

Curt. 3, 2, 17 MSS. (Foss, mansuetam). — With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent (cf. 1. supra):

non erit ista amicitia sed mercatura quaedam utilitatum suarum,

Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122; cf.: pro suo possidere, II. A. 2. a. g; and Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73, II. A. 2. b. a; cf. also II. B. 1. a; II. B. 5. c.; II. B. 7. b.; II. C. 8. b. b infra.

With antec. in a previous sentence. Here ejus, eorum, earum are used for his, her, their, unless the clause is oblique in regard to the antecedent, i. e. the antecedent is conceived as the author of the statement.

In clauses dependent on a verbum sentiendi or dicendi, expressed or understood, referring to the grammatical or logical subject of the verb.

In infinitive clauses:

(Clodius) Caesaris potentiam suam potentiam esse dicebat,

Cic. Mil. 32, 88:

(Caelius) a sua (causa) putat ejus (i.e. Ascitii) esse sejunctam,

id. Cael. 10, 24:

ipsos certo scio non negare ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo (referring to ipsos),

id. Rosc. Am. 37, 107:

hostes viderunt,... suorum tormentorum usum spatio propinquitatis interire,

Caes. B. C. 2, 16:

docent, sui judicii rem non esse,

id. ib. 1, 13.—The reference of suus may be ambiguous, esp. if an infinitive is dependent on another:

hoc Verrem dicere ajebant, te... opera sua consulem factum, i.e. Verris, though grammatically it might refer to the subj. of aiebant,

Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:

(Ariovistus) dixit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36; cf. the context with, in all, eleven reflexive pronouns referring to four different antecedents (populus Romanus, Ariovistus, Caesar, nemo); cf.

also: occurrebat ei, mancam praeturam suam futuram consule Milone,

Cic. Mil. 9, 25; 32, 88; Liv. 3, 42, 2.—

Suus in a clause dependent on inf.:

scio equidem, ut, qui argentum afferret atque expressam imaginem suam (i.e. militis) huc ad nos, cum eo ajebat velle mitti mulierem,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 55:

isti bonorum emptores arbitrantur, vos hic sedere qui excipiatis eos qui de suis (i.e. emptorum) manibus effugerint,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

Siculi venisse tempus ajebant ut commoda sua defenderem,

id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:

ut tunc tandem sentiret recuperanda esse quae prius sua culpa amissa forent,

Liv. 44, 8, 4. —

Ambiguous: velle Pompejum se Caesari purgatum, ne ea quae reipublicae causa egerit (Pompejus) in suam (i.e. Caesaris) contumeliam vertat (where suam might be referred to Pompejus),

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—

In oblique clauses introduced by ut or ne, or clauses subordinate to such:

Cassius constituit ut ludi absente te fierent suo nomine,

Cic. Att. 15, 11, 2:

postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam tam nefariam adjutores vos profiteamini,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

Nasidius eos magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe, additis suis (i.e. Nasidii) auxiliis confligant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 3:

(regem) denuntiasse sibi ut triduo regni sui decederent finibus,

Liv. 42, 25, 12:

Sabinae mulieres, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne parricidio macularent partus suos (i.e. mulierum),

id. 1, 13, 2:

Patron praecepit suis ut arma induerent, ad omne imperium suum parati,

Curt. 5, 11, 1.—With reflex. pron., referring to a different antecedent:

ad hanc (Laidem) Demosthenes clanculum adit, et ut sibi copiam sui faceret, petit,

Gell. 1, 8, 5. —

In subordinate clauses introduced by quin or quod:

(Dejotarus) non recusat quin id suum facinus judices,

Cic. Deiot. 15, 43; so id. ib. 4, 15;

16, 45: parietes hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod futura sit illa auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus,

id. Marcell. 3, 10:

quidni gauderet quod iram suam nemo sentiret?

Sen. Troad. 3, 13:

querenti quod uxor sua e fico se suspendisset,

Quint. 6, 3, 88;

and with intentional ambiguity: cum Proculejus quereretur de filio quod is mortem suam expectaret,

id. 9, 3, 68. —

In interrogative clauses:

si, quod officii sui sit, non occurrit animo, nihil umquam omnino aget,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:

ut non auderet iterum dicere quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

id. Caecin. 10, [p. 1825] 28:

donec sciat unisquisque quid sui, quid alieni sit,

Liv. 6, 27, 8:

rex ignarus, quae cum Hannibale legatis suis convenisset, quaeque legati ejus ad se allaturi fuissent,

id. 23, 39, 2:

postquam animadvertit quantus agminis sui terror esset,

id. 43, 19, 5. —

In a virtually oblique clause.

In final clause, introduced by ut, ne, or rel., referring to the subject of the purpose:

me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori suae,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 41:

quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latrocinarentur, i. e. Appii,

Cic. Mil. 7, 17:

quae gens ad Caesarem legatos mise. rat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus uteretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 80:

inde castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit,

Liv. 43, 23, 5:

(Romani) Albam a fundamentis proruerunt, ne memoria originum suarum exstaret,

id. 26, 13, 16:

oppidani nuntios Romam, qui certiorem de suo casu senatum facerent, misere,

id. 6, 33, 7; cf.:

tanto intervallo ab hostibus consedit, ut nec adventus suus propinquitate nimia nosci posset, et, etc.,

Liv. 10, 20, 7:

Datames locum delegit talem ut non multum obesse multitudo hostium suae paucitati posset,

Nep. Dat. 7, 3:

quid si gubernator a diis procellas petat ut gratior ars sua periculo fiat?

Sen. Ben. 6, 25, 4. —

In other dependent clauses represented as conceived by an antecedent in the principal sentence:

Sulla, si sibi suus pudor ac dignitas non prodesset, nullum auxilium requisivit ( = negavit se defendi velle, si, etc.),

Cic. Sull. 5, 15:

Paetus omnes libros quos frater suus reliquisset mihi donavit ( = dixit se donare libros quos, etc.),

id. Att. 2, 1, 12:

non enim a te emit, sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit ( = potitus est, ne, etc.),

id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:

Africanus, si sua res ageretur, testimonium non diceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 36, 3:

ille ipse (Pompejus) proposuit epistulam illam, in qua est Pro tuis rebus gestis amplissimis. Amplioribusne quam suis, quam Africani?

id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

spiritus dabat (Manlio) quod... vinculorum suorum invidiam dictator fugisset,

Liv. 6, 18, 4:

(Numa) Camenis eum lucum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum conjuge sua Egeria essent,

id. 1, 21, 3:

adulescens deos omnis invocare ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se esset,

id. 26, 50, 4 (cf. D. 1. a. infra).

In the place of ejus.

In clauses virtually oblique, but with indicative, being conceived by the antecedent (hence suus, not ejus), but asserted as fact by the author (hence indicative, not subjunctive):

Cicero tibi mandat ut Aristodemo idem respondeas, quod de fratre suo (Ciceronis) respondisti,

Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4:

oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, imperium amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant,

Liv. 1, 17, 2:

C. Caesar villam pulcherrimam, quia mater sua aliquando in illa custodita erat, diruit,

Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 5:

Philemonem, a manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplici morte punivit,

Suet. Caes. 74; cf.:

quomodo excandescunt si quid e juba sua decisum est,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 3.—

To avoid ambiguity:

petunt rationes illius (Catilinae) ut orbetur consilio res publica, ut minuatur contra suum (i.e. Catilinae) furorem imperatorum copia (instead of ejus, which might be referred to res publica),

Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

equites a cornibus positos, cum jam pelleretur media peditum suorum acies, incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt,

Liv. 1, 37, 3.—

Colloquially and in epistolary style suus is used emphatically instead of ejus, with the meaning own, peculiar: deinde ille actutum subferret suus servus poenas Sosia, his own slave (opp. Mercury, who personates Sosias), Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 19: mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum quae magistratus sui fecerant, their own magistrates ( = ipsorum), Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:

in quibus (litteris Bruti) unum alienum summa sua prudentia (est), ut spectem ludos suos,

his peculiar prudence, id. ib. 15, 26, 1; so,

quod quidem ille (Nero) decernebat, quorumdam dolo ad omina sui exitus vertebatur,

Tac. A. 16, 24; cf. II. A. 1. b and g; II. A. 2. a. b; II. B. 3.—

Without particular emphasis (mostly ante- and post-class. and poet.):

tum erit tempestiva cum semen suum maturum erit,

Cato, R. R. 31:

vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute,

id. ib. 37:

qui sic purgatus erit, diuturna valetudine utatur, neque ullus morbus veniet, nisi sua culpa,

id. ib. 157:

Cimon in eandem invidiam incidit quam pater suus,

Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

id qua ratione consecutus sit (Lysander) latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus factum est, etc.,

id. Lys. 1, 2:

ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat regia sua, Concidit,

Ov. F. 6, 601:

quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto, Truncat olus foliis,

id. M. 8, 646; so id. ib. 15, 819.

In partic.

As substt.

sui, suorum, m., his, their (etc.) friends, soldiers, fellow-beings, equals, adherents, followers, partisans, posterity, slaves, family, etc., of persons in any near connection with the antecedent.

(Corresp. to the regular usage, I. A. B. C.) Cupio abducere ut reddam (i.e. eam) suis, to her family, friends, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 77; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

cum animus societatem caritatis coierit cum suis, omnesque natura conjunctos suos duxerit,

fellow-beings, Cic. Leg. 1, 23, 60:

mulier ingeniosa praecepit suis omnia Caelio pollicerentur,

her slaves, id. Cael. 25, 62:

quo facilius et nostras domos obire, et ipse a suis coli possit,

his friends, id. ib. 7, 18:

qua gratiam beneficii vestri cum suorum laude conjungant,

their family, id. Agr. 2, 1, 1:

vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset,

to his posterity, id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:

cum divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur,

his partisans, id. ib. 13, 9, 19:

Caesar, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25; so,

Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium incolumibus,

id. B. C. 2, 35:

Caesar receptui suorum timens,

id. ib. 3, 46:

certior ab suis factus est, praeclusas esse portas,

id. ib. 2, 20:

omnium suorum consensu, Curio bellum ducere parabat,

id. ib. 2, 37: so,

Pompejus suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare,

id. ib. 3, 86:

Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit,

to his officers, id. ib. 3, 25:

naviculam conscendit cum paucis suis,

a few of his followers, id. ib. 3, 104:

multum cum suis consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem loqueretur,

id. ib. 1, 19:

nupsit Melino, adulescenti inprimis inter suos et honesto et nobili,

his equals, associates, Cic. Clu. 5, 11:

rex raptim a suis in equum impositus fugit,

his suite, Liv. 41, 4, 7:

subsidio suorum proelium restituere,

comrades, id. 21, 52, 10:

feras bestias... ad opem suis ferendam avertas,

their young, id. 26, 13, 12:

abstulit sibi in suos potestatem,

his slaves, Sen. Ira, 3, 12, 6:

Besso et Nabarzani nuntiaverant sui regem... interemptum esse,

their fellow - conspirators, Curt. 5, 12, 14. — Very rarely sing.:

ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. Si quem libido abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus conjuravit, non suum judicet esse,

Liv. 39, 16, 5.—

Irregular use (acc. to I. D.): sui = ejus amici, etc. (freq.;

the absolute use of ejus in this sense being inadmissible): quasi vero quisquam dormiat? ne sui quidem hoc velint, non modo ipse (sui = ejus amici, liberi),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

is (annus) ejus omnem spem... morte pervertit. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, acerbum patriae, etc.,

id. Or. 3, 2, 8:

quadrigas, quia per suos ( = ipsius milites) agendae erant, in prima acie locaverat rex,

Liv. 37, 41, 8:

auctoritatem Pisistrati qui inter suos ( = ejus cives) maxima erat,

id. 37, 12:

quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse fuit superior, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 8, 4; v. g.—

Without antecedent (cf. I. B. supra): quoties necesse est fallere aut falli a suis, by one ' s friends, Sen. Phoen. 493.—

Sing.: sŭa, suae. f., a sweetheart, mistress (rare): illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit. Cic. Phil. 2, 28. 69:

cedo quid hic faciet sua?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 92.—

sŭum, i, n., and more freq. sŭa, suorum, n. plur., = one ' s property.

Lit.:

nec suom adimerem alteri,

his property, his own, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38 (34):

nunc si ille salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi (v. D. 3. a. infra),

id. ib. 1, 2, 119:

illum studeo quam facillime ad suum pervenire,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 4:

populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem ut socios sui nihil deperdere velit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43; cf. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 3, I. A. 11. supra:

nec donare illi de suo dicimur,

Sen. Ben. 7, 4, 2; so esp. with quisque; v. infra — Hence, de suo = per se, or sua sponte;

(stellae) quae per igneos tractus labentia inde splendorem trahant caloremque, non de suo clara,

Sen. Q. N. 7, 1, 6. —

Trop.:

meum mihi placebat, illi suum (of a literary essay),

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: suom quemque decet, his own manners, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 11; so, expendere oportet quid quisque habeat sui ( what peculiarities) nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant;

id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113.—

Jurid. term: aliquid pro suo possidere, to possess in the belief of one ' s legal right:

pro suo possessio tale est, cum dominium nobis acquiri putamus. Et ea causa possidemus ex qua acquiritur, et praeterea pro suo,

Dig. 41, 10, 1;

so without an antecedent, and referring to a first person: item re donata, pro donato et pro suo possideo,

ib. 41, 10, 1; v. the whole tit. ib. 42, 10 (Pro suo); cf. ib. 23, 3, 67; cf. C., infra fin.;

similarly: usucapere pro suo = acquire dominion by a possession pro suo, Fragm. Vat. 111: res pro suo, quod justam causam possidendi habet, usucapit,

id. ib. 260; Dig. 41, 3, 27. —

One ' s property:

Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:

qui etiam hostibus externis victis sua saepissime reddiderunt,

id. Agr. 1, 6, 19:

tu autem vicinis tuis Massiliensibus sua reddis,

id. Att. 14, 14, 6:

Remi legatos miserunt qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2; 1, 11, 2; 2, 13, 2:

ipsi milites alveos informes quibus se suaque transveherent, faciebant,

their baggage, Liv. 21, 26, 9:

docere eos qui sua permisere fortunae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 7; so without an antecedent, one ' s own property (cf. I. B. 2. supra):

hanc ob causam maxime ut sua tenerentur res publicae constitutae sunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73;

rarely = eorum res: quod vero etiam sua reddiderint (i.e. Gallis),

Liv. 39, 55, 3. —

One ' s own affairs:

aliena ut melius videant et dijudicent Quam sua,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 96:

cognoscunt... immobile agmen et sua quemque molientem,

Liv. 10, 20, 8:

omnia ei hostium non secus quam sua nota erant,

id. 22, 41, 5:

aliena cum suis perdidit,

Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 3.— Absol., referring to a noun fem.: sua (finxit) C. Cassius ( = suas persuasiones; cf.

the context),

Quint. 6, 3, 90.

Predicative uses: suum esse, facere, fieri, putare, etc., like a gen. poss., to be, etc., the property, or under the dominion, control, power of the antecedent.

Of property in things.

Corporeal:

scripsit causam dicere Prius aurum quare sit suum,

Ter. Eun. prol. 11:

nihil erat cujusquam quod non hoc anno suum fore putabat (Clodius),

Cic. Mil. 32, 87:

quia suum cujusque fit, eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,

id. Off. 1, 7, 21:

Juba suam esse praedicans praedam,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84:

gratum sibi populum facturum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent,

Liv. 22, 32, 8: libros esse dicimus Ciceronis;

eosdem Dorus librarius suos vocat,

Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 1:

cum enim istarum personarum nihil suum esse possit,

since these persons can own nothing, Gai. Inst. 2, 96; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 15 pr.—Virtually predicative:

referas ad eos qui suam rem nullam habent ( = rem quae sua sit),

nothing of their own, Cic. Phil. 2, 6, 15:

qui in potestate nostra est, nihil suum habere potest,

Gai. Inst. 2, 84. — ( b) Of literary works:

quae convenere in Andriam ex Perinthia Fatetur transtulisse, atque usum pro suis ( = quasi sua essent),

Ter. And. prol. 14:

potest autem... quae tum audiet... ingenue pro suis dicere,

his own thoughts, Quint. 12, 3, 3.—

Of a country or people:

suum facere = suae dicionis facere: commemorat ut (Caesar) magnam partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam fecerit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32:

in quam (Asiam) jam ex parte suam fecerit,

Liv. 44, 24, 4:

crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit,

id. 21, 44, 5.—

Trop.:

omnia sua putavit quae vos vestra esse velletis,

Cic. Phil. 11, 12, 27:

non meminit, illum exercitum senatus populique Romani esse, non suum,

id. ib. 13, 6, 4: [p. 1826] probavit, non rempublicam suam esse, sed se reipublicae, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 8;

so of incorporeal things: hi si velint scire quam brevis eorum vita sit, cogitent ex quota parte sua sit,

how much of it is their own, id. Brev. Vit. 19, 3; so, suum facere, to appropriate:

prudentis est, id quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere,

Quint. 10, 2, 26:

quaeremus quomodo animus (hanc virtutem) usu suam faciat,

Sen. Clem. 1, 3, 1.—

Of persons.

Under a master ' s or father ' s control:

ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret, neve alienaret,

make any one his slave, Liv. 41, 8, 12: quid eam tum? suamne esse ajebat, his daughter, i.e. in his power? Ter. And. 5, 4, 29:

eduxit mater pro sua ( = quasi sua esset),

id. Eun. 1, 2, 76.—

Reflexively = sui juris, independent, one ' s own master or mistress, not subject to another ' s control, under one ' s own control (v. sui juris, infra):

ancilla, quae mea fuit hodie, sua nunc est,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 3.—

Of moral power over others: suus = devoted to one:

hice hoc munere arbitrantur Suam Thaidem esse,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 38:

eos hic fecit suos Paulo sumptu,

id. Ad. 5, 4, 21:

sed istunc exora, ut (mulierem) suam esse adsimulet,

to be friendly to him, id. Heaut. 2, 3, 117:

cum Antonio sic agens ut perspiciat, si in eo negotio nobis satisfecerit, totum me futurum suum,

Cic. Att. 14, 1 a, 2:

Alpheus... utebatur populo sane suo,

devoted to him, id. Quint. 7, 29.— Poet.: vota suos habuere deos, the vows (inst. of the persons uttering them) had the gods on their side, Ov. M. 4, 373. —

Of power over one's self, etc.:

nam qui sciet ubi quidque positum sit, quaque eo veniat, is poterit eruere, semperque esse in disputando suus,

self-possessed, Cic. Fin. 4, 4, 10:

inaestimabile bonum est suum fieri,

selfcontrol, Sen. Ep. 75, 18:

(furiosus) qui suus non est,

Dig. 42, 4, 7, § 9:

vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos Mentis erat,

Ov. M. 8, 35. —

Suum est, as impers. predicate: = ejus est, characteristic of, peculiar to one (very rare):

dixit antea, sed suum illud est, nihil ut affirmet,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.

Attributive usages, almost always (except in Seneca) with suus before its noun.

The property, relations, affairs, etc., of one opposed to those of another, own.

Opposition expressed:

nihil de suo casu, multa de vestro querebatur,

Cic. Balb. 8, 21:

sua sibi propiora pericula quam mea loquebantur,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

suasque et imperatoris laudes canentes,

Liv. 45, 38, 12:

damnatione collegae et sua,

id. 22, 35, 3:

Senecae fratris morte pavidum et pro sua incolumitate pavidum,

Tac. A. 14, 73:

velut pro Vitellio conquerentes suum dolorem proferebant,

id. H. 3, 37;

opp. alienus: ut suo potius tempore mercatorem admitterent, quam celerius alieno,

at a time convenient to themselves, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11. —Without antecedent, opp. externus:

(Platoni) duo placet esse motus, unum suum, alterum externum, esse autem divinius quod ipsum ex se sua sponte moveatur, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32. —

Implied:

voluptatem suis se finibus tenere jubeamus,

within the limits assigned to it, Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 1:

cum vobis immortale monumentum suis paene manibus senatus... exstruxerit,

id. Phil. 14, 12, 33:

superiores (amnes) in Italia, hic (Rhodanus) trans Alpes, hospitales suas tantum, nec largiores quam intulere aquas vehentes,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224: colligitur aqua ex imbribus;

ex suo fonte nativa est,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 3:

pennas ambo non habuere suas (non suas = alienas),

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 24. —

In particular phrases. ( a) Sua sponte and suo Marte, of one ' s own accord, by one ' s self, without the suggestion, influence, aid, etc., of others:

Caesar bellum contra Antonium sua sponte suscepit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5:

sua sponte ad Caesarem in jus adierunt,

Caes. B. C. 1, 87.—So of things, = per se, by or of itself, for itself, for its own sake:

jus et omne honestum sua sponte expetendum (cf. in the context: per se igitur jus est expetendum),

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: justitium sua sponte inceptum priusquam indiceretur, by itself, i. e. without a decree, Liv. 9, 7, 8; so,

sortes sua sponte attenuatas,

id. 22, 1, 11 (cf. id. 22, 38, 13; 35, 14, 4, I. A. 2., supra): rex enim ipse, sua sponte, nullis commentariis Caesaris, simul atque audivit ejus interitum suo Marte res suas recuperavit, Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95.—

Suus locus, in milit. lang., one ' s own ground, position, or lines:

restitit suo loco Romana acies (opp. to the advance of the enemy),

Liv. 22, 16, 2.—So figuratively:

et staturas suo loco leges,

Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2:

aciem instruxit primum suis locis, pauloque a castris Pompeji longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84 (cf.: suo loco, 7. b. g, infra).—

For suo jure v. 3. infra.—

Sua Venus = one's own Venus, i. e. good luck (v. Venus): ille non est mihi par virtutibus, nec officiis;

sed habuit suam Venerem,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 2. —

Of private relations (opp. to public):

ut in suis rebus, ita in re publica luxuriosus nepos,

Cic. Agr. 2, 18, 48:

deinde ut communibus pro communibus utatur, privatis ut suis,

id. Off. 1, 7, 20:

quod oppidum Labienus sua pecunia exaedificaverat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15:

militibus agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur,

i. e. his private property, id. ib. 1, 17; Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 3. —

Of just rights or claims:

imperatori senatuique honos suus redditus,

due to them, Liv. 3, 10, 3:

neque inpedimento fuit, quominus religionibus suus tenor suaque observatio redderetur,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 8:

quibus omnibus debetur suus decor,

Quint. 11, 1, 41. —

So distributively: is mensibus suis dimisit legionem,

in the month in which each soldier was entitled to his discharge, Liv. 40, 41, 8. — Esp.: suo jure (so, meo, nostro, tuo, etc., jure), by his own right:

Tullus Hostilius qui suo jure in porta nomen inscripsit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 26:

earum rerum hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo jure debet,

id. Arch. 1, 1; id. Marcell. 2, 6; id. Phil. 2, 25, 62; id. Balb. 8, 21:

numquam illum res publica suo jure esset ulta,

by its unquestionable right, id. Mil. 33, 88. —

Of that to which one is exclusively devoted:

huic quaestioni suum diem dabimus,

a day for its exclusive discussion, Sen. Ep. 94, 52:

homini autem suum bonum ratio est,

his exclusive good, id. ib. 76, 10:

in majorem me quaestionem vocas, cui suus locus, suus dies dandus est,

id. Q. N. 2, 46, 1. —

With proprius: mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem suo proprio magistratu egere,

that the business needed a particular officer exclusively for itself, Liv. 4, 8, 4:

et Hannibalem suo proprio occupandum bello,

id. 27, 38, 7; cf.:

dissupasset hostes, ni suo proprio eum proelio equites Volscorum exceptum tenuissent,

in which they alone fought, id. 3, 70, 4:

mare habet suas venas quibus impletur,

by which it alone is fed, Sen. Q. N. 3, 14, 3. —

According to one ' s liking, of one ' s own choice.

Of persons, devoted to one, friendly, dear:

Milone occiso (Clodius) habuisset suos consules,

after his own heart, Cic. Mil. 33, 89:

collegit ipse se contra suum Clodium,

his dear Clodius, id. Pis. 12, 27 (cf.: suum facere, habere, II. B. 2. g).—

Of things, favorable.

Of place: neque Jugurtham nisi... suo loco pugnam facere, on his own ground, i. e. chosen by him, favorable, Sall. J. 61, 1:

hic magna auxilia expectabant et suis locis bellum in hiemem ducere cogitabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 61; cf.:

numquam nostris locis laboravimus,

Liv. 9, 19, 15.—

Of time:

cum Perseus suo maxime tempore et alieno hostibus incipere bellum posset,

Liv. 42, 43, 3; v. 7. b, infra. —

Of circumstances: sua occasio, a favorable opportunity; sometimes without antecedent:

neque occasioni tuae desis, neque suam occasionem hosti des,

Liv. 22, 39, 21:

tantum abfuit ut ex incommodo alieno sua occasio peteretur,

id. 4, 58, 2:

aestuque suo Locros trajecit,

a favorable tide, id. 23, 41, 11:

ignoranti quem portum petat nullus suus ventus est,

Sen. Ep. 71, 3:

orba suis essent etiamnunc lintea ventis,

Ov. M. 13, 195:

aut ille Ventis iturus non suis,

Hor. Epod. 9, 30. —

Of persons or things, peculiar, particular:

quae est ei (animo) natura? Propria, puto, et sua,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:

omnis enim motus animi suum quendam a natura habet vultum,

id. de Or. 3, 57, 316:

geometrae et musici... more quodam loquuntur suo. Ipsae rhetorum artes verbis in docendo quasi privatis utuntur ac suis,

id. Fin. 3, 1, 4:

sensus omnis habet suum finem,

its peculiar limits, Quint. 9, 4, 61: animus cum suum ambitum complevit et finibus se suis cinxit, consummatum est summum bonum, Sen. Vit. Beat. 9, 3: est etiam in nominibus ( nouns) diverso collocatis sua gratia, their peculiar elegance, Quint. 9, 3, 86:

ibi non bello aperto, sed suis artibus, fraude et insidiis, est paene circumventus,

Liv. 21, 34, 1:

nec Hannibalem fefellit, suis se artibus peti,

id. 22, 16, 5:

adversus hostem non virtute tantum, sed suis (i. e. hostis) etiam pugnare consiliis oportebat,

Flor. 2, 6, 26:

liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo modo expleturum,

Liv. 22, 28, 2:

equites ovantes sui moris carmine,

id. 10, 26, 11:

exsultans cum sui moris tripudiis,

id. 21, 42, 3:

tripudiantes suo more,

id. 23, 26, 9.—So, suo Marte, referring to the style of fighting peculiar to the different arms:

equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare,

that the cavalry were fighting both in their own style and in that of the other arms, Liv. 3, 62, 9; cf.: suo Marte, 1, c. a, supra.—And distributively ( = suus quisque):

suos autem haec operum genera ut auctores, sic etiam amatores habent,

Quint. 12, 10, 2:

illa vero fatidica fulmina ex alto et ex suis venire sideribus,

Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 113; cf.:

quae quidem planiora suis exemplis reddentur,

Val. Max. 3, 4 prooem.—

Proper, right.

Referring to one's ordinary or normal condition:

quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum naves habuissent,

their regular complement, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133. — So poet.:

flecte ratem! numerum non habet illa suum,

its full number, Ov. H. 10, 36:

novus exercitus consulibus est decretus: binae legiones cum suo equitatu,

Liv. 40, 36, 6:

cum suo justo equitatu,

id. 21, 17, 8:

totam (disciplinam) in suum statum redegit,

Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:

tranquilla mente et vultu suo,

with the ordinary expression of his face, Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 2:

media pars aeris ab his (ignibus) submota, in frigore suo manet. Natura enim aeris gelida est,

id. Q. N. 2, 10, 4:

cornuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis,

not natural to her, Ov. H. 14, 90. —

So, non suus, of ingrafted branches and their fruit: miraturque (arbos) novas frondis et non sua poma,

Verg. G. 2, 82. —

Of time, proper, regular, etc. (cf. 5. b, supra).

The regular time ( = stato tempore):

signum quod semper tempore exoritur suo,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 4:

cum et recte et suo tempore pepererit,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 16: aestas suo tempore incanduit...;

tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies retulit,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:

omnes venti vicibus suis spirant majore ex parte,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128. —

The right or proper time:

salictum suo tempore caedito,

Cato, R. R. 33:

cessit e vita suo magis quam suorum civium tempore,

the right time for himself, Cic. Brut. 1, 4; so,

exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est,

id. Sen. 23, 85:

Scandilius dicit se suo tempore rediturum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139:

si Ardeates sua tempora exspectare velint,

Liv. 4, 7, 6:

Chrysippus dicit, illum... opperiri debere suum tempus, ad quod velut dato signo prosiliat,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 3:

quam multi exercitus tempore suo victorem hostem pepulerunt!

Liv. 44, 39, 4. — Without antecedent: sed suo tempore totius sceleris hujus fons aperietur. Cic. Phil. 14, 6, 15; cf.:

de ordine laudis, etc., praecipiemus suo tempore,

Quint. 2, 4, 21. —

Suo loco = at the proper place:

quae erant prudentiae propria suo loco dicta sunt,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 143:

quod reddetur suo loco,

Quint. 11, 1, 16:

ut suo loco dicetur,

Plin. 2, 90, 102, § 221:

inscripta quae suis locis reddam,

id. 1, prooem. § 27; Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2; cf. 1, c. b; 4. supra. —

Suited, appropriate, adapted to one:

in eodem fundo suum quidquid conseri oportet,

Cato, R. R. 7:

siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo,

at a suitable price, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 30:

in partes suas digerenda causa,

Quint. 11, 1, 6:

confundetur quidquid in suas partes natura digessit,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 8. — Poet.: haec ego dumque queror, lacrimae sua verba sequuntur, Deque meis oculis in tua membra cadunt, appropriate, i. e. tristia, Ov. H. 14, 67.—Without antecedent: suum quidquid genus talearum serito, any fit kind, i. e. suited to the ground, Cato, R. R. 48. —

Own, with the notion of independence of, or dependence on others (cf. B. 2. g d).

Of political independence: pacem condicionibus his fecerunt ut Capuae suae leges, sui magistratus essent, her own laws, i. e. not subject to Carthage, Liv. 23, 7, 2: liberos [p. 1827] eos ac suis legibus victuros, id. 25, 23, 4. —

Esp. in the phrases suae potestatis or in sua potestate esse, suo jure uti, sui juris esse: Puteolos, qui nunc in sua potestate sunt, suo jure, libertate aequa utuntur, totos occupabunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 86:

Rhegini potestatis suae ad ultimum remanserunt,

retained their self-government, Liv. 23, 30, 9:

urbem ne quam formulae sui juris facerent,

id. 38, 9, 10. —

Of paternal authority.

Free from the power of the paterfamilias; in the phrases sui juris esse, suae potestatis esse, to be independent:

quaedam personae sui juris sunt, quaedam alieno juri sunt subjectae, Gai,

Inst. 1, 48:

sui juris sunt familiarum suarum principes, id est pater familiae, itemque mater familiae,

Ulp. Fragm. 4, 1:

liberi parentum potestate liberantur emancipatione. Sed filius quidem ter manumissus sui juris fit, ceteri autem liberi una manumissione sui juris fiunt,

id. ib. 10, 1:

morte patris filius et filia sui juris fiunt,

id. ib. 10, 2:

patres familiarum sunt qui sunt suae potestatis,

Dig. 1, 6, 4:

si modo defunctus testator suae potestatis mortis tempore fuerit,

Gai. Inst. 2, 147. —

With indef. reference: si sui juris sumus,

Dig. 46, 2, 20; cf.:

pro suo possideo, 2. a. supra.—Attributively: sui juris arrogatio feminae,

Cod. Just. 8, 47, 8:

homo sui juris,

ib. 10, § 5.— Trop.:

sapiens numquam semiliber erit: integrae semper libertatis et sui juris,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 5, 3:

non illarum coitu fieri cometen, sed proprium et sui juris esse,

id. Q. N. 7, 12, 2: nullique sunt tam feri et sui juris adfectus, ut non disciplina perdomentur, id. Ira, 2, 12, 3. —

Subject to paternal authority, in the phrases suus heres, sui liberi; suus heres, an heir who had been in the paternal power of the deceased:

CVI SVVS HERES NON SIT, XII. Tab. fr. 5, 4.—In the jurists without antecedent: sui et necessarii heredes sunt velut filius filiave, nepos neptisve ex filia, deinceps ceteri qui modo in potestate morientis fuerunt,

Gai. Inst. 2, 156:

(emancipati liberi) non sunt sui heredes,

ib. 2, 135:

alia facta est juris interpretatio inter suos heredes,

ib. 3, 15:

datur patrono adversus suos heredes bonorum possessio (where patrono is not the antecedent of suos),

ib. 3, 41:

sui heredes vel instituendi sunt vel exheredandi,

Ulp. Fragm. 22, 14:

accrescunt suis quidem heredibus in partem virilem, extraneis autem in partem dimidiam,

id. ib. 22, 17. —

Sui liberi, children in paternal power: de suis et legitimis liberis,

Cod. Just. 6, 55 inscr.

In particular connections.

With ipse, his own, etc. (cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696).

Ipse agreeing with the antecedent of suus, the antecedent being,

A subjectnom.:

(ingenium ejus) valet ipsum suis viribus,

by its own strength, Cic. Cael. 19, 45:

legio Martia non ipsa suis decretis hostem judicavit Antonium?

by its own resolutions, id. Phil. 4, 2, 5:

ruit ipse suis cladibus,

id. ib. 14, 3, 8:

si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 8:

qui se ipse sua gravitate et castimonia defenderet,

id. Cael. 5, 11:

quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

suamet ipsae fraude omnes interierunt,

Liv. 8, 18, 9; 39, 49, 3:

ut saeviret ipse in suum sanguinem effecerunt,

id. 40, 5, 1:

respicerent suum ipsi exercitum,

id. 42, 52, 10; 21, 31, 12; 22, 38, 3; 6, 19, 6.—

A subject-acc.:

sunt qui dicant eam sua ipsam peremptam mercede,

Liv. 1, 11, 9:

(tribuniciam potestatem) suis ipsam viribus dissolvi,

id. 2, 44, 2.—

An object in dat. or acc.:

sic ut ipsis consistendi in suis munitionibus locus non esset,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

tribuni (hostem) intra suamet ipsum moenia compulere,

Liv. 6, 36, 4:

alios sua ipsos invidia opportunos interemit,

id. 1, 54, 8; 22, 14, 13.—Suus as adjunct of subject (rare):

aliquando sua praesidia in ipsos consurrexerunt,

their own garrisons revolted against them, Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 1.—

With gen. of ipse, strengthening the possessive notion (cf. 4.;

post-Aug. and very rare, but freq. in modern Lat.): aves (foetus suos) libero caelo suaeque ipsorum fiduciae permittunt,

Quint. 2, 6, 7 (but tuus ipsius occurs in Cic.:

tuo ipsius studio,

Cic. Mur. 4, 9:

tuam ipsius amicitiam,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 7).—

Both suus and ipse agreeing with the governing noun (very rare; not in Cic. or Caes.): quae tamen in ipso cursu suo dissipata est (= ipsa in cursu suo), in its very course, Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 3 dub.:

suamet ipsa scelera,

Sall. C. 23, 2 (Dietsch ex conj. ipse):

suismet ipsis corporibus,

Liv. 2, 19, 5 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. ipsi):

a suismet ipsis praesidiis,

id. 8, 25, 6 MSS. (Weissenb. ipsi).—

With quisque, distributively, each ( every one)... his own; in prose quisque is generally preceded by suus.

Quisque and suus in different cases.

Quisque as subjectnom.:

sentit enim vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti,

Lucr. 5, 1033:

suo quisque loco cubet,

Cato, R. R. 5:

suum quisque noscat ingenium,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114:

ad suam quisque (me disciplinam) rapiet,

id. Ac. 2, 36, 114:

quod suos quisque servos in tali re facere voluisset,

id. Mil. 10, 29:

cum suo quisque auxilio uteretur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 51:

celeriter ad suos quisque ordines redit,

id. ib. 3, 37.—In apposition with plur. subj. (freq. in Liv.):

nunc alii sensus quo pacto quisque suam rem Sentiat,

Lucr. 4, 522:

ut omnes cives Romani in suis quisque centuriis prima luce adessent,

that all the Roman citizens should be present, each in his own centuria, Liv. 1, 44, 1:

hinc senatus, hinc plebs, suum quisque intuentes ducem constiterant,

id. 6, 15, 3:

ut (trigemini) pro sua quisque patria dimicent,

id. 1, 24, 2:

stabant compositi suis quisque ordinibus,

id. 44, 38, 11:

(consules) in suas quisque provincias proficiscuntur,

id. 25, 12, 2; 25, 26, 13:

in suo quaeque (stella) motu naturam suam exercent,

Plin. 2, 39, 39, § 106.—With abl. absol.:

omnes, velut dis auctoribus in spem suam quisque acceptis, proelium una voce poscunt,

Liv. 21, 45, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:

relictis suis quisque stationibus... concurrerunt,

id. 32, 24, 4; 4, 44, 10; 39, 49, 3; 2, 38, 6.—

With acc. of quisque as subj.:

fabrum esse suae quemque fortunae, App. Claud. ap. Ps.-Sall. Ep. ad Caes. Rep. c. l.: sui quemque juris et retinendi et dimittendi esse dominum,

Cic. Balb. 13, 31:

recipere se in domos suas quemque jussit,

Liv. 25, 10, 9; and (ungrammatically) nom., as apposition to a subj.-acc.:

se non modo suam quisque patriam, sed totam Siciliam relicturos,

id. 26, 29, 3 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. quosque).—

As adjunct of the subject-nom., with a case of quisque as object, attribut. gen., etc.:

sua cujusque animantis natura est,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 25:

sua quemque fraus, suum facinus, suum scelus, etc., de sanitate ac mente deturbat,

id. Pis. 20, 46:

sua quemque fraus et suus terror maxime vexat,

id. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:

suum cuique incommodum ferendum est,

id. Off. 3, 6, 30:

ut solidum suum cuique solvatur,

id. Rab. Post. 17, 46:

ne suus cuique domi hostis esset,

Liv. 3, 16, 3:

ut sua cuique respublica in manu esset,

id. 26, 8, 11:

animus suus cuique ordinem pugnandi dabat,

id. 22, 5, 8:

tentorium suum cuique militi domus ac penates sunt,

id. 44, 39, 5:

suus cuique (stellae) color est,

Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:

trahit sua quemque voluptas,

Verg. E. 2, 65:

stat sua cuique dies,

id. A. 10, 467.—

As predicate-nom. (v. II. B.):

opinionem, quae sua cuique conjectanti esse potest,

Liv. 6, 12, 3.—

As adjunct of subj.-acc.:

suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:

scientiam autem suam cujusque artis esse,

id. Fin. 5, 9, 26.—

As adjunct of an object, with a case of quisque as object or attribut. gen.: suam cuique sponsam, mihi meam: suum cuique amorem, mihi meum, Atil. Fragm. inc. 1: suom cuique per me uti atque frui licet, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 24 (23), 1:

ut suo quemque appellem nomine,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52:

placet Stoicis suo quamque rem nomine appellare,

Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 1:

ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,

id. Off. 1, 33, 119:

justitia quae suum cuique distribuit,

id. N. D. 3, 15, 38:

in tribuendo suum cuique,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14:

Turnus sui cuique periculi recens erat documentum,

Liv. 1, 52, 4:

in trimatu suo cuique dimidiam esse mensuram futurae certum esse,

Plin. 7, 15, 16, § 73:

certa cuique rerum suarum possessio,

Vell. 2, 89, 4; cf.: qua re suum unicuique studium suaque omnibus delectatio relinquatur, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 26, 93.—With quemque in apposition with acc. plur.:

Camillus vidit intentos opifices suo quemque operi,

Liv. 6, 25, 9; so cujusque in appos. with gen. plur.: trium clarissimorum suae cujusque gentis virorum mors, id. 39, 52, 7; and cuique with dat. plur.: sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam hominibus, Poet. ap. Nep. Att. 11, 6 (where Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, 372, reads quique, ex conj.; cf. b. b, infra).—

Attraction of suus and quisque as adjuncts of nouns.

Attraction of suus:

ut nemo sit nostrum quin in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium requirat acrius (= suum cujusque generis judicium),

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

quas tamen inter omnes (voces) est suo quoque in genere (vox) mediocris ( = inter omnes voces est mediocris vox, sua quoque in genere),

id. de Or. 3, 57, 216:

eo concilia suae cujusque regionis indici jussit (= sua cujusque regionis concilia),

Liv. 45, 29, 10:

equites suae cuique parti post principia collocat (= equites suos cuique parti),

id. 3, 22, 6:

cum motibus armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis,

id. 25, 17, 5:

legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cujusque ordinis militibus (= suis cujusque),

Tac. A. 14, 27:

quae sui cujusque sunt ingenii,

Quint. 7, 10, 10 Halm (al. sua):

sui cujusque ingenii poma vel semina gerunt (= sua cujusque),

Col. 3, 1;

and by a double attraction: has (cohortes) subsidiariae ternae et aliae totidem suae cujusque legionis subsequebantur (= has cohortes... totidem cujusque legionis, suam quaeque legionem, subsequebantur),

Caes. B. C. 1, 83. —

Attraction of quisque:

tanta ibi copia venustatum in suo quique loco sita,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 6 (al. quaeque):

quodvis frumentum non tamen omne Quique suo genere inter se simile esse videbis,

Lucr. 2, 372 Lachm. and Munro ad loc.:

cum verba debeant sui cujusque generis copulari,

Varr. L. L. 10, 48:

in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

haec igitur proclivitas ad suum quodque genus aegrotatio dicatur,

id. Tusc. 4, 12, 28:

separatim greges sui cujusque generis nocte remeabant (= greges sui quisque generis),

Liv. 24, 3, 5:

ut sui cujusque mensis acciperet (frumentum),

Suet. Aug. 40;

and quisque both attracted and in its own case: quia cujusque partis naturae et in corpore et in animo sua quaeque vis sit (where either cujusque or quaeque is redundant),

Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46; v. Madv. ad loc.; Cato, R. R. 23 fin.;

so esp. in the phrases suo quoque tempore, anno, die, loco, etc.: pecunia, quae in stipendium Romanis suo quoque anno penderetur, deerat (= suo quaeque anno),

each instalment in the year when due, Liv. 33, 46, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:

suo quoque loco,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2; 1, 22, 6:

opera quae suis quibusque temporibus anni vilicum exsequi oporteret,

Col. 11, 3:

suo quoque tempore,

Vitr. 2, 9, 4:

nisi sua quaque die usurae exsolverentur (= sua quaeque die),

Dig. 22, 1, 12 init.; 13, 7, 8, § 3:

ut opera rustica suo quoque tempore faciat,

ib. 19, 2, 25, § 3 (al. quaeque)—

In the order quisque... suus.

In relative clauses, comparative clauses with ut, and interrogative clauses introduced by quid, etc., where quisque immediately follows the relative, etc.:

ut quisque suom volt esse, ita est,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 45; cf.

with sibi,

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 49; id. Lael. 9, 30:

expendere oportere quid quisque habeat sui... nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant. Id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,

id. Off. 1, 31, 113:

neque solum quid in senatu quisque civitatis suae dicerent ignorabant, sed, etc.,

Liv. 32, 19, 9:

gratius id fore laetiusque quod quisque sua manu ex hoste captum rettulerit,

id. 5, 20, 8; 6, 25, 10; cf.:

in quibus cum multa sint quae sua quisque dicere velit, nihil est quod quisque suum possit dicere,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 23, 1.—

If the emphasis is not on suus, but (for quisque, when emphatic, unusquisque is used) on some other word:

in civitates quemque suas... dimisit,

Liv. 21, 48, 2:

in patriam quisque suam remissus est,

Just. 33, 2, 8:

in vestigio quemque suo vidit,

Liv. 28, 22, 15; cf.:

hospitibus quisque suis scribebant,

id. 33, 45, 6:

pro facultatibus quisque suis,

id. 42, 53, 3; cf.:

respiciendae sunt cuique facultates suae,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 3:

praecipitat quisque vitam suam et futuri desiderio laborat,

id. Brev. Vit. 7, 5; id. Ben. 7, 5, 1:

tunc praeceps quisque se proripit et penates suos deserit,

id. Q. N. 6, 1, 5; 5, 18, 8:

summum quisque causae suae judicem facit,

Plin. 1, prooem. § 10: aestimatione nocturnae [p. 1828] quietis, dimidio quisque spatio vitae suae vivit, id. 7, 50, 51, § 167.—

Poets adopt the order quisque suus when the metre requires it, Verg. A. 6, 743:

oscula quisque suae matri tulerunt,

Ov. F. 2, 715. —

When suus and quisque belong to different clauses:

atque earum quaeque, suum tenens munus... manet in lege naturae,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38. —

Suus uterque, or uterque suus, distributively of two subjects:

suas uterque legiones reducit in castra,

Caes. B. C. 1, 40; 2, 28:

ideo quod uterque suam legem confirmare debebit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 142:

cum sui utrosque adhortarentur,

Liv. 1, 25, 1:

ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt,

id. 21, 29, 5:

utraque (lex) sua via it,

Sen. Ben. 6, 6, 1; cf.

uterque, in apposit.: nec ipsi tam inter se acriter contenderunt, quam studia excitaverant uterque sui corporis hominum,

Liv. 26, 48, 6.—

With sibi.

Sibi with pronom. force (cf. sui, IV. C. fin.):

reddam suum sibi,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 119 ( = ei; but referred to b, infra, by Brix ad loc.); cf.:

suam rem sibi salvam sistam,

id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:

idem lege sibi sua curationem petet,

for himself, Cic. Agr. 2, 9, 22 (cf. id. Phil. 2, 37, 96;

I. B. 2. b. supra): ut vindicare sibi suum fulgorem possint,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 11; cf.

the formula of divorce: tuas res tibi habeto,

Dig. 24, 2, 2.—Hence, illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69.—

With sibi redundant, to strengthen suus (anteand post-class. and colloq.):

quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 5:

eum necabam ilico per cerebrum pinna sua sibi, quasi turturem,

id. Poen. 2, 40; v. sui, IV. C. and the passages there cited.—

With gen. agreeing with the subject of suus:

quas cum solus pertulisset ut sua unius in his gratia esset,

that the credit of it should belong to him alone, Liv. 2, 8, 3:

qui de sua unius sententia omnia gerat,

id. 44, 22, 11; cf.:

unam Aegyptus in hoc spem habet suam,

Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 2.—For suus ipsius, etc., v. D. 1. b. supra.—

With demonstr., rel., or indef. pronn. and adjj., of his, hers, etc.:

postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam adjutores vos profiteamini,

to this booty of his, Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

Sestius cum illo exercitu suo,

id. Sest. 5, 12:

qua gravitate sua,

id. ib. 61, 129:

suam rem publicam illam defenderunt,

that republic of theirs, id. ib. 67, 141:

in istum civem suum,

against this citizen of theirs, id. Balb. 18, 41:

cum illo suo pari,

id. Pis. 8, 18:

te nulla sua calamitate civitas satiare potest?

id. Phil. 8, 6, 19:

dubitatis igitur, quin vos M. Laterensis ad suam spem aliquam delegerit,

for some hope of his, id. Planc. 16, 39:

non tam sua ulla spe quam militum impetu tractus,

by any hope of his, Liv. 25, 21, 5:

nullo suo merito,

from no fault of theirs, id. 26, 29, 4:

ipse arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,

with a few of his friends, Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—

With descriptive adjj.

Standing before the adj. and noun (so most freq.):

suorum improbissimorum sermonum domicilium,

Cic. Pis. 31, 76:

causam sui dementissimi consilii,

id. Phil. 2, 22, 53:

suam insatiabilem crudelitatem,

id. ib. 11, 3, 8:

suis amplissimis fortunis,

id. ib. 13, 8, 16:

suum pristinum morem,

id. Pis. 12, 27:

suis lenissimis postulatis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5: simili ratione Pompeius in suis veteribus castris consedit (suis emphatic; cf. b, infra), id. ib. 3, 76.—

Between the adj. and noun (less emphatic):

pro eximiis suis beneficiis,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:

propter summam suam humanitatem,

id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:

ex praeteritis suis officiis,

Caes. B. C. 3, 60:

Caesar in veteribus suis castris consedit,

id. ib. 3, 76.—

After adj. and noun:

veterem amicum suum excepit,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:

in illo ardenti tribunatu suo,

id. Sest. 54, 116.—

Objectively for the pers. pron. (rare):

neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur ( = sibi illatae),

Sall. C. 51, 11; so,

neglectam ab Scipione et nimis leviter latam suam injuriam ratus,

Liv. 29, 9, 9:

ipsae enim leges te a cognitione sua judicio publico reppulerunt ( = a se cognoscendo),

Cic. Balb. 14, 32:

suam invidiam tali morte quaesitam ( = quaesitum esse ab eo ut homines se inviderent),

Tac. A. 3, 16; so,

nulla sua invidia,

Cic. Mil. 15, 40.—

Abl. fem. sua, with refert or interest, for gen. of the pers. pron.: neminem esse qui quomodo se habeat nihil sua censeat interesse, Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 30:

si scit sua nihil interesse utrum anima per os, an per jugulum exeat,

Sen. Ep. 76, 33; v. intersum, III.—

Strengthened by the suffix - pte or -met.

By - pte (not used with ipse) affixed to the forms sua, suo, and (ante-class.) suum:

quom illa osculata esset suumpte amicum,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 38:

ut terrena suopte nutu et suo pondere in terram ferantur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

ferri suopte pondere,

id. N. D. 1, 25, 69:

suapte natura,

id. Fat. 18, 42:

suapte vi et natura,

id. ib. 19, 43; id. Fin. 1, 16, 54; 5, 22, 61:

suopte ingenio,

Liv. 25, 18; so id. 1, 25, 1; 1, 18, 4:

suapte manu,

Cic. Or. 3, 3, 10:

locus suapte natura infestus,

Liv. 44, 6, 9; so,

suapte natura,

id. 4, 22, 4:

flumina suapte natura vasta,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 27, 8; so id. Ben. 4, 17, 2:

sponte suapte,

Varr. L. L. 6, 7, § 70.—

With - met, almost always followed by ipse (in all forms of suus except suus, suum, suae, and suorum):

suomet ipsi more,

Sall. J. 31, 6:

suomet ipsi instrumento,

Liv. 22, 14, 13:

suomet ipsi metu,

Tac. H. 3, 16 fin.:

suamet ipsum pecunia,

Sall. J. 8, 2:

suamet ipsae fraude,

Liv. 8, 18, 9:

intra suamet ipsum moenia,

id. 6, 36, 4:

suismet ipsi praesidiis,

id. 8, 25, 6:

suismet ipsis corporibus,

id. 2, 19, 5:

suosmet ipsi cives,

id. 2, 9, 5:

suasmet ipse spes,

Tac. A. 3, 66 fin. —Without ipse:

populum suimet sanguinis mercede,

Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 41, 25 Dietsch:

magna pars suismet aut proxumorum telis obtruncabantur,

id. ib. 2, 52 ib.

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;

so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.

Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).

With antecedent in the same sentence.

The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.

His:

Caesar copias suas divisit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 97:

ille in sua sententia perseverat,

id. ib. 1, 72:

tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,

id. ib. 2, 37:

cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:

cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?

id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:

Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,

Liv. 26, 40, 7:

imperat princeps civibus suis,

Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:

nemo rem suam emit,

id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—

Her:

mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:

utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,

id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:

si nunc facere volt era officium suom,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:

ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78:

si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,

id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—

Its:

omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,

id. Planc. 40, 95.—

Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

mittent aliquem de suo numero,

id. ib. 11, 10, 25:

rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:

qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,

id. Sest. 14, 32:

suis finibus eos prohibent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;

and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,

some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—

With a subject-clause as antecedent:

id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,

was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:

ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

id. 3, 62, 1:

secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,

id. 35, 14, 4. —

With subject-acc. as antecedent:

hanc dicam Athenis advenisse cum aliquo amatore suo, Plant. Mil. 2, 2, 86: doceo gratissimum esse in sua tribu Plancium,

Cic. Planc. 19, 47:

cupio eum suae causae confidere,

id. Sest. 64, 135:

suspicari debuit (Milo), eum (Clodium) ad villam suam (Clodii) deversurum,

id. Mil. 19, 51: Medeam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra dissipavisse, id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:

(dixit) Caesarem pro sua dignitate debere et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—

With object-acc. as antecedent.

Suus being an adjunct of the subject (generally rendered in Engl. by a pass. constr.):

hunc pater suus de templo deduxit,

he was taken from the temple by his father, Cic. Inv. 2, 17, 52:

hunc sui cives e civitate ejecerunt,

id. Sest. 68, 142:

Alexandrum uxor sua... occidit,

id. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

illum ulciscentur mores sui,

id. Att. 9, 12, 2:

quodsi quem natura sua... forte deficiet,

id. Or. 1, 14:

utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat,

Liv. 1, 7, 1:

quas (urbes) sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas sibi opes facere,

id. 1, 9, 3; 1, 7, 15; 6, 33, 5:

quos nec sua conscientia impulerit, nec, etc.,

id. 26, 33, 3; 25, 14, 7:

consulem C. Marium servus suus interemit,

Val. Max. 6, 8, 2:

quis non Vedium Pollionem pejus oderat quam servi sui?

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2:

sera dies sit qua illum gens sua caelo adserat,

id. Cons. Poll. 12 (31), 5.—With the antecedent understood from the principal sentence:

ita forma simili pueri ut mater sua internoscere (sc. eos) non posset,

Plaut. Men. prol. 19; and with suus as adjunct both of the subject and of the antecedent: jubet salvere suos vir uxorem suam, id. merc. 4, 3, 11. —

With impers. verbs:

sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat,

Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35:

video fore ut inimicos tuos poeniteat intemperantiae suae,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:

si Caesarem beneficii sui poeniteret,

id. Lig. 10, 29; so id. Agr. 2, 11, 26:

jam ne nobilitatis quidem suae plebejos poenitere,

Liv. 10, 7, 8:

militem jam minus virtutis poenitere suae,

id. 22, 12, 10.—

As adjunct of other members of the sentence:

ad parentes suos ducas Silenium,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 86. nam is illius filiam conicit in navem clam matrem suam (i.e. filiae), id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:

eosdem ad quaestoris sui aut imperatoris, aut commilitonum suorum pericula impulistis,

Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 34:

totum enim ex sua patria sustulisti,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 127; id. Or. 3, 32, 126: quem (Hammonium) tibi etiam suo nomine ( on his own account) commendo... itaque peto a te ut ejus procuratorem et ipsum suo nomine diligas, id. Fam. 13, 21, 2:

Caesar Fabium in sua remittit hiberna,

Caes. B. G. 5, 33; id. B. C. 3, 24:

introire ad Ciceronem, et domi suae imparatum confodere,

Sall. C. 28, 1:

suis flammis delete Fidenas,

i. e. the flames kindled by the Fidenates, Liv. 4, 33, 5:

suo igni involvit hostes,

Tac. A. 14, 30:

quid Caesarem in sua fata inmisit?

Sen. Ep. 94, 65; id. Q. N. 1, praef. 7; cf.

with antecedent supplied from preceding sentence: non destiti rogare et petere (sc. Brutum) mea causa, suadere et hortari sua,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7.—

With dat. as antecedent.

As adjunct of subject (cf. 4. supra):

suus rex reginae placet,

a queen likes her own king, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 76:

ei nunc alia ducenda'st domum, sua cognata Lemniensis,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 101:

Autronio nonne sodales, non collegae sui... defuerunt?

Cic. Sull. 2, 7:

si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,

id. Cat. 3, 12, 27:

cui non magistri sui atque doctores, cui non... locus ipse... in mente versetur?

id. Planc. 33, 81:

haec omnia plane... Siculis erepta sunt: primum suae leges, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33:

Romanis multitudo sua auxit animum,

Liv. 21, 50, 4:

sicuti populo Romano sua fortuna labet,

id. 42, 50, 7:

Lanuvinis sacra sua reddita,

id. 8, 14, 2:

vilitas sua illis detrahit pretium,

Sen. Ben. 4, 29, 2:

nemo est cui felicitas sua satisfaciat,

id. Ep. 115, 17:

labor illi suus restitutus est,

id. Brev. Vit. 20, 3:

magnitudo sua singulis constat,

id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10:

tantum sapienti sua, quantum Dec omnis aetas patet,

id. Ep. 53, 11. —

With antecedent supplied from principal sentence: mater quod suasit sua Adulescens mulier fecit, i.e. ei,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 38.—

Of other words:

regique Thebano regnum stabilivit suum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 40:

mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 5:

ego Metello non irascor, neque ei suam vacationem eripio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

desinant insidiari domui suae consuli,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 32:

quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus,

id. Mil. 35, 96: Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Liv. [p. 1824] 29, 1, 17:

nos non suas (leges Lacedaemoniis arbitror) ademisse, sed nostras leges dedisse,

id. 39, 37, 6:

Graccho et Tuditano provinciae Lucani et Galliae cum suis exercitibus prorogatae,

id. 25, 3, 5.—

With gen., abl., or object of a prep. as antecedent:

nec illius animi aciem praestringit splendor sui nominis,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:

nolite a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae domesticum et suum consulem avellere,

id. Mur. 41, 90:

quamvis tu magna mihi scripseris de Bruti adventu ad suas legiones,

id. Att. 14, 13, 12:

suae legis ad scriptum ipsam quoque sententiam adjungere,

the meaning of their law to which they refer, id. Inv. 2, 49, 147:

cum ambitio alterius suam primum apud eos majestatem solvisset,

Liv. 22, 42, 12:

nunc causam instituendorum ludorum ab origine sua repetam,

Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:

Jubam in regno suo non locorum notitia adjuvet, non popularium pro rege suo virtus,

Sen. Ep. 71, 10; id. Ben. 7, 6, 3; id. Clem. 1, 3, 4.—Esp. with cujusque as antecedent:

in qua deliberatione ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,

Cic. Off. 1, 33, 119 (v. II. D. 2. infra).— Abl.:

operam dare ut sua lex ipso scripto videatur niti,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 147 (cf. supra):

(Caesar reperiebat) ad Galbam propter justitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam deferri,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4:

credere, ad suum concilium a Jove deos advocari,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 42, 1.—

With predic. nom. as antecedent:

sapientissimi artis suae professores sunt a quibus et propria studia verecunde et aliena callide administrantur,

Val. Max. 8, 12, 1.—

With appositive noun.

With gram. subject as antecedent:

hoc Anaximandro, populari ac sodali suo, non persuasit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

vidit fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum,

id. Mil. 9, 25:

(hic) fuit in Creta contubernalis Saturnini, propinqui sui,

id. Planc. 11, 27:

ut non per L. Crassum, adfinem suum... causam illam defenderit,

id. Balb. 21, 49:

ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat,

id. Lig. 4, 11:

Caesar mittit ad eum A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57.—

With object as antecedent:

Dicaearchum cum Aristoxeno, aequali et condiscipulo suo, omittamus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 41:

tres fratres optimos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque nobis, necessariis suis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavit,

id. Lig. 12, 36:

Varroni, quem, sui generis hominem,... vulgus extrahere ad consulatum nitebatur,

Liv. 22, 34, 2.—

With appositive noun as antecedent:

si P. Scipionem, clarissimum virum, majorumque suorum simillimum res publica tenere potuisset,

Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:

M. Fabi Ambusti, potentis viri cum inter sui corporis homines, tum ad plebem, etc.,

Liv. 6, 34, 5:

C. vero Fabricii, et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum saeculi sui, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet,

Val. Max. 4, 4, 3.—

In participial clauses.

The antecedent being the logical subject of the participle, and other than the principal subject:

credamus igitur Panaetio, a Platone suo dissentienti ( = qui dissentiebat),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

ea Sex. Roscium, expulsum ex suis bonis, recepit domum,

id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:

diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23:

Dejotarum ad me venientem cum omnibus copiis suis, certiorem feci, etc.,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 7; id. Cat. 4, 9, 18: si hominis et suis et populi Romani ornamentis amplissimi ( being greatly distinguished) causam repudiassem, id. Mur. 4, 8:

stupentes tribunos et suam jam vicem magis anxios quam, etc., liberavit consensus populi Romani,

Liv. 8, 35, 1; 22, 42, 8:

manet in folio scripta querela suo ( = quam scripsit),

Ov. F. 5, 224; cf. in abl. absol.:

et ipsis (hostibus) regressis in castra sua,

Liv. 22, 60, 9:

quibus (speculis) si unum ostenderis hominem, populus adparet, unaquaque parte faciem exprimente sua,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 5.—

The logical subject of the participle, being also the principal subject:

sic a suis legionibus condemnatus irrupit in Galliam,

Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:

hunc agrum patres nostri, acceptum a majoribus suis ( = quem acceperant), perdiderunt,

id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:

ut in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92: Appius, odium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, haud ignaro, inquit, imminet fortuna, Liv. 3, 54, 3:

ipsa capit Condita in pharetra ( = quae condiderat) tela minora sua,

Ov. F. 2, 326; cf. in abl. absol.:

Sopater, expositis suis difficultatibus ( = cum exposuisset, etc.): Timarchidem... perducit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

Caesar, primum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

Campani, audita sua pariter sociorumque clade, legatos ad Hannibalem miserunt,

Liv. 25, 15, 1:

(Appius) deposito suo magistratu... domum est reductus,

id. 4, 24, 7; 3, 35, 9; 9, 10, 13; 9, 41, 9.—

The antecedent being the principal subject, not the logical subject of the participle:

M. Papirius dicitur Gallo, barbam suam (i.e. Papirii) permulcenti,... iram movisse,

Liv. 5, 41, 9: cum Gracchus, verecundia deserendi socios, implorantis fidem suam populique Romani, substitisset. id. 23, 36, 8; cf. in abl. absol.:

si sine maximo dedecore, tam impeditis suis rebus, potuisset emori,

Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 29; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Planc. 21, 51; id. Clu. 14, 42:

ita (consul) proelio uno accidit Vestinorum res, haudquaquam tamen incruento milite suo (consulis),

Liv. 8, 29, 12; cf.

with antecedent to be supplied: Campani, cum, robore juventutis suae acciso, nulla (sc. eis) propinqua spes esset, etc.,

id. 7, 29, 7.—

In gerund. construction. ( a) With subject as antecedent:

mihi ipsa Roma ad complectendum conservatorem suum progredi visa est,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52.—

With object, the logical subjects of the gerund as antecedent:

cur iis persequendi juris sui... adimis potestatem?

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:

si senatui doloris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta,

id. Sest. 23, 51:

nec tribunis plebis (spatium datur) sui periculi deprecandi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5.—

With antecedent dependent on the gerund:

eamque rem illi putant a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19.—

As adjunct of a noun dependent on a subjectinf., with its logical subject as antecedent:

magnum Miloni fuit, conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia?

Cic. Mil. 15, 40:

neque enim fuit Gabinii, remittere tantum de suo nec regis, imponere tantum plus suis,

his claim, id. Rab. Post. 11, 31:

Piso, cui fructum pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit,

id. Sest. 31, 68:

ei cujus magis intersit, vel sua, vel rei publicae causa vivere,

id. Off. 3, 23, 90:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum de maximis rebus,

id. Or. 2, 81, 333; id. Mil. 15, 41.—With logical subject understood:

totam Italiam suis colonis ut complere (sc. eis) liceat, permittitur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:

maximum (sc. eis) solacium erit, propinquorum eodem monumento declarari, et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pietatem,

id. Phil. 14, 13, 35.

Without gram. antec., one ' s, one ' s own.

Dependent on subject-inff.:

ejusdem animi est, posteris suis amplitudinem nobis quam non acceperit tradere, et memoriam prope intermortuam generis sui, virtute renovare,

Cic. Mur. 7, 16:

siquidem atrocius est, patriae parentem quam suum occidere,

id. Phil. 2, 13, 31:

miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armorum praesidio non posse vivere,

id. ib. 2, 44, 112: quanto est honestius, alienis injuriis quam suis commoveri, one ' s own, id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169:

contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae,

id. Par. 6, 51:

ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23:

detrahere de altero sui commodi causa,

id. ib. 3, 5, 24:

suis exemplis melius est uti,

Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2:

levius est sua decreta tollere quam aliorum,

Liv. 3, 21. 5; 39, 5, 2;

29, 37, 11: satius est vitae suae rationes quam frumenti publici nosse,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 3:

quanto satius est sua mala exstinguere quam aliena posteris tradere?

id. Q. N. 3, praef. 5:

cum initia beneficiorum suorum spectare, tum etiam exitus decet,

id. Ben. 2, 14, 2; 3, 1, 5:

Romani nominis gloriae, non suae, composuisse illa decuit,

Plin. 1, prooem. § 16.—With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent: cum possimus ab Ennio sumere... exemplum, videtur esse arrogantia illa relinquere, et ad sua devenire, to one ' s own = to our own, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2.—

Without a subject-inf.:

omnia torquenda sunt ad commodum suae causae... sua diligenter narrando,

Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sua (al. sui) solum, sed etiam aliorum, id. Off. 1, 39, 139:

erat Dareo mite ac tractabile ingenium, nisi suam naturam plerumque fortuna corrumperet (suam not referring to Dareo),

Curt. 3, 2, 17 MSS. (Foss, mansuetam). — With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent (cf. 1. supra):

non erit ista amicitia sed mercatura quaedam utilitatum suarum,

Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122; cf.: pro suo possidere, II. A. 2. a. g; and Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73, II. A. 2. b. a; cf. also II. B. 1. a; II. B. 5. c.; II. B. 7. b.; II. C. 8. b. b infra.

With antec. in a previous sentence. Here ejus, eorum, earum are used for his, her, their, unless the clause is oblique in regard to the antecedent, i. e. the antecedent is conceived as the author of the statement.

In clauses dependent on a verbum sentiendi or dicendi, expressed or understood, referring to the grammatical or logical subject of the verb.

In infinitive clauses:

(Clodius) Caesaris potentiam suam potentiam esse dicebat,

Cic. Mil. 32, 88:

(Caelius) a sua (causa) putat ejus (i.e. Ascitii) esse sejunctam,

id. Cael. 10, 24:

ipsos certo scio non negare ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo (referring to ipsos),

id. Rosc. Am. 37, 107:

hostes viderunt,... suorum tormentorum usum spatio propinquitatis interire,

Caes. B. C. 2, 16:

docent, sui judicii rem non esse,

id. ib. 1, 13.—The reference of suus may be ambiguous, esp. if an infinitive is dependent on another:

hoc Verrem dicere ajebant, te... opera sua consulem factum, i.e. Verris, though grammatically it might refer to the subj. of aiebant,

Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:

(Ariovistus) dixit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36; cf. the context with, in all, eleven reflexive pronouns referring to four different antecedents (populus Romanus, Ariovistus, Caesar, nemo); cf.

also: occurrebat ei, mancam praeturam suam futuram consule Milone,

Cic. Mil. 9, 25; 32, 88; Liv. 3, 42, 2.—

Suus in a clause dependent on inf.:

scio equidem, ut, qui argentum afferret atque expressam imaginem suam (i.e. militis) huc ad nos, cum eo ajebat velle mitti mulierem,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 55:

isti bonorum emptores arbitrantur, vos hic sedere qui excipiatis eos qui de suis (i.e. emptorum) manibus effugerint,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

Siculi venisse tempus ajebant ut commoda sua defenderem,

id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:

ut tunc tandem sentiret recuperanda esse quae prius sua culpa amissa forent,

Liv. 44, 8, 4. —

Ambiguous: velle Pompejum se Caesari purgatum, ne ea quae reipublicae causa egerit (Pompejus) in suam (i.e. Caesaris) contumeliam vertat (where suam might be referred to Pompejus),

Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—

In oblique clauses introduced by ut or ne, or clauses subordinate to such:

Cassius constituit ut ludi absente te fierent suo nomine,

Cic. Att. 15, 11, 2:

postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam tam nefariam adjutores vos profiteamini,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

Nasidius eos magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe, additis suis (i.e. Nasidii) auxiliis confligant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 3:

(regem) denuntiasse sibi ut triduo regni sui decederent finibus,

Liv. 42, 25, 12:

Sabinae mulieres, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne parricidio macularent partus suos (i.e. mulierum),

id. 1, 13, 2:

Patron praecepit suis ut arma induerent, ad omne imperium suum parati,

Curt. 5, 11, 1.—With reflex. pron., referring to a different antecedent:

ad hanc (Laidem) Demosthenes clanculum adit, et ut sibi copiam sui faceret, petit,

Gell. 1, 8, 5. —

In subordinate clauses introduced by quin or quod:

(Dejotarus) non recusat quin id suum facinus judices,

Cic. Deiot. 15, 43; so id. ib. 4, 15;

16, 45: parietes hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod futura sit illa auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus,

id. Marcell. 3, 10:

quidni gauderet quod iram suam nemo sentiret?

Sen. Troad. 3, 13:

querenti quod uxor sua e fico se suspendisset,

Quint. 6, 3, 88;

and with intentional ambiguity: cum Proculejus quereretur de filio quod is mortem suam expectaret,

id. 9, 3, 68. —

In interrogative clauses:

si, quod officii sui sit, non occurrit animo, nihil umquam omnino aget,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:

ut non auderet iterum dicere quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

id. Caecin. 10, [p. 1825] 28:

donec sciat unisquisque quid sui, quid alieni sit,

Liv. 6, 27, 8:

rex ignarus, quae cum Hannibale legatis suis convenisset, quaeque legati ejus ad se allaturi fuissent,

id. 23, 39, 2:

postquam animadvertit quantus agminis sui terror esset,

id. 43, 19, 5. —

In a virtually oblique clause.

In final clause, introduced by ut, ne, or rel., referring to the subject of the purpose:

me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori suae,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 41:

quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latrocinarentur, i. e. Appii,

Cic. Mil. 7, 17:

quae gens ad Caesarem legatos mise. rat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus uteretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 80:

inde castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit,

Liv. 43, 23, 5:

(Romani) Albam a fundamentis proruerunt, ne memoria originum suarum exstaret,

id. 26, 13, 16:

oppidani nuntios Romam, qui certiorem de suo casu senatum facerent, misere,

id. 6, 33, 7; cf.:

tanto intervallo ab hostibus consedit, ut nec adventus suus propinquitate nimia nosci posset, et, etc.,

Liv. 10, 20, 7:

Datames locum delegit talem ut non multum obesse multitudo hostium suae paucitati posset,

Nep. Dat. 7, 3:

quid si gubernator a diis procellas petat ut gratior ars sua periculo fiat?

Sen. Ben. 6, 25, 4. —

In other dependent clauses represented as conceived by an antecedent in the principal sentence:

Sulla, si sibi suus pudor ac dignitas non prodesset, nullum auxilium requisivit ( = negavit se defendi velle, si, etc.),

Cic. Sull. 5, 15:

Paetus omnes libros quos frater suus reliquisset mihi donavit ( = dixit se donare libros quos, etc.),

id. Att. 2, 1, 12:

non enim a te emit, sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit ( = potitus est, ne, etc.),

id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:

Africanus, si sua res ageretur, testimonium non diceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 36, 3:

ille ipse (Pompejus) proposuit epistulam illam, in qua est Pro tuis rebus gestis amplissimis. Amplioribusne quam suis, quam Africani?

id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

spiritus dabat (Manlio) quod... vinculorum suorum invidiam dictator fugisset,

Liv. 6, 18, 4:

(Numa) Camenis eum lucum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum conjuge sua Egeria essent,

id. 1, 21, 3:

adulescens deos omnis invocare ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se esset,

id. 26, 50, 4 (cf. D. 1. a. infra).

In the place of ejus.

In clauses virtually oblique, but with indicative, being conceived by the antecedent (hence suus, not ejus), but asserted as fact by the author (hence indicative, not subjunctive):

Cicero tibi mandat ut Aristodemo idem respondeas, quod de fratre suo (Ciceronis) respondisti,

Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4:

oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, imperium amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant,

Liv. 1, 17, 2:

C. Caesar villam pulcherrimam, quia mater sua aliquando in illa custodita erat, diruit,

Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 5:

Philemonem, a manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplici morte punivit,

Suet. Caes. 74; cf.:

quomodo excandescunt si quid e juba sua decisum est,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 3.—

To avoid ambiguity:

petunt rationes illius (Catilinae) ut orbetur consilio res publica, ut minuatur contra suum (i.e. Catilinae) furorem imperatorum copia (instead of ejus, which might be referred to res publica),

Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

equites a cornibus positos, cum jam pelleretur media peditum suorum acies, incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt,

Liv. 1, 37, 3.—

Colloquially and in epistolary style suus is used emphatically instead of ejus, with the meaning own, peculiar: deinde ille actutum subferret suus servus poenas Sosia, his own slave (opp. Mercury, who personates Sosias), Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 19: mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum quae magistratus sui fecerant, their own magistrates ( = ipsorum), Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:

in quibus (litteris Bruti) unum alienum summa sua prudentia (est), ut spectem ludos suos,

his peculiar prudence, id. ib. 15, 26, 1; so,

quod quidem ille (Nero) decernebat, quorumdam dolo ad omina sui exitus vertebatur,

Tac. A. 16, 24; cf. II. A. 1. b and g; II. A. 2. a. b; II. B. 3.—

Without particular emphasis (mostly ante- and post-class. and poet.):

tum erit tempestiva cum semen suum maturum erit,

Cato, R. R. 31:

vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute,

id. ib. 37:

qui sic purgatus erit, diuturna valetudine utatur, neque ullus morbus veniet, nisi sua culpa,

id. ib. 157:

Cimon in eandem invidiam incidit quam pater suus,

Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

id qua ratione consecutus sit (Lysander) latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus factum est, etc.,

id. Lys. 1, 2:

ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat regia sua, Concidit,

Ov. F. 6, 601:

quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto, Truncat olus foliis,

id. M. 8, 646; so id. ib. 15, 819.

In partic.

As substt.

sui, suorum, m., his, their (etc.) friends, soldiers, fellow-beings, equals, adherents, followers, partisans, posterity, slaves, family, etc., of persons in any near connection with the antecedent.

(Corresp. to the regular usage, I. A. B. C.) Cupio abducere ut reddam (i.e. eam) suis, to her family, friends, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 77; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

cum animus societatem caritatis coierit cum suis, omnesque natura conjunctos suos duxerit,

fellow-beings, Cic. Leg. 1, 23, 60:

mulier ingeniosa praecepit suis omnia Caelio pollicerentur,

her slaves, id. Cael. 25, 62:

quo facilius et nostras domos obire, et ipse a suis coli possit,

his friends, id. ib. 7, 18:

qua gratiam beneficii vestri cum suorum laude conjungant,

their family, id. Agr. 2, 1, 1:

vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset,

to his posterity, id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:

cum divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur,

his partisans, id. ib. 13, 9, 19:

Caesar, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25; so,

Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium incolumibus,

id. B. C. 2, 35:

Caesar receptui suorum timens,

id. ib. 3, 46:

certior ab suis factus est, praeclusas esse portas,

id. ib. 2, 20:

omnium suorum consensu, Curio bellum ducere parabat,

id. ib. 2, 37: so,

Pompejus suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare,

id. ib. 3, 86:

Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit,

to his officers, id. ib. 3, 25:

naviculam conscendit cum paucis suis,

a few of his followers, id. ib. 3, 104:

multum cum suis consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem loqueretur,

id. ib. 1, 19:

nupsit Melino, adulescenti inprimis inter suos et honesto et nobili,

his equals, associates, Cic. Clu. 5, 11:

rex raptim a suis in equum impositus fugit,

his suite, Liv. 41, 4, 7:

subsidio suorum proelium restituere,

comrades, id. 21, 52, 10:

feras bestias... ad opem suis ferendam avertas,

their young, id. 26, 13, 12:

abstulit sibi in suos potestatem,

his slaves, Sen. Ira, 3, 12, 6:

Besso et Nabarzani nuntiaverant sui regem... interemptum esse,

their fellow - conspirators, Curt. 5, 12, 14. — Very rarely sing.:

ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. Si quem libido abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus conjuravit, non suum judicet esse,

Liv. 39, 16, 5.—

Irregular use (acc. to I. D.): sui = ejus amici, etc. (freq.;

the absolute use of ejus in this sense being inadmissible): quasi vero quisquam dormiat? ne sui quidem hoc velint, non modo ipse (sui = ejus amici, liberi),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

is (annus) ejus omnem spem... morte pervertit. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, acerbum patriae, etc.,

id. Or. 3, 2, 8:

quadrigas, quia per suos ( = ipsius milites) agendae erant, in prima acie locaverat rex,

Liv. 37, 41, 8:

auctoritatem Pisistrati qui inter suos ( = ejus cives) maxima erat,

id. 37, 12:

quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse fuit superior, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 8, 4; v. g.—

Without antecedent (cf. I. B. supra): quoties necesse est fallere aut falli a suis, by one ' s friends, Sen. Phoen. 493.—

Sing.: sŭa, suae. f., a sweetheart, mistress (rare): illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit. Cic. Phil. 2, 28. 69:

cedo quid hic faciet sua?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 92.—

sŭum, i, n., and more freq. sŭa, suorum, n. plur., = one ' s property.

Lit.:

nec suom adimerem alteri,

his property, his own, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38 (34):

nunc si ille salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi (v. D. 3. a. infra),

id. ib. 1, 2, 119:

illum studeo quam facillime ad suum pervenire,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 4:

populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem ut socios sui nihil deperdere velit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43; cf. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 3, I. A. 11. supra:

nec donare illi de suo dicimur,

Sen. Ben. 7, 4, 2; so esp. with quisque; v. infra — Hence, de suo = per se, or sua sponte;

(stellae) quae per igneos tractus labentia inde splendorem trahant caloremque, non de suo clara,

Sen. Q. N. 7, 1, 6. —

Trop.:

meum mihi placebat, illi suum (of a literary essay),

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: suom quemque decet, his own manners, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 11; so, expendere oportet quid quisque habeat sui ( what peculiarities) nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant;

id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113.—

Jurid. term: aliquid pro suo possidere, to possess in the belief of one ' s legal right:

pro suo possessio tale est, cum dominium nobis acquiri putamus. Et ea causa possidemus ex qua acquiritur, et praeterea pro suo,

Dig. 41, 10, 1;

so without an antecedent, and referring to a first person: item re donata, pro donato et pro suo possideo,

ib. 41, 10, 1; v. the whole tit. ib. 42, 10 (Pro suo); cf. ib. 23, 3, 67; cf. C., infra fin.;

similarly: usucapere pro suo = acquire dominion by a possession pro suo, Fragm. Vat. 111: res pro suo, quod justam causam possidendi habet, usucapit,

id. ib. 260; Dig. 41, 3, 27. —

One ' s property:

Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:

qui etiam hostibus externis victis sua saepissime reddiderunt,

id. Agr. 1, 6, 19:

tu autem vicinis tuis Massiliensibus sua reddis,

id. Att. 14, 14, 6:

Remi legatos miserunt qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2; 1, 11, 2; 2, 13, 2:

ipsi milites alveos informes quibus se suaque transveherent, faciebant,

their baggage, Liv. 21, 26, 9:

docere eos qui sua permisere fortunae,

Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 7; so without an antecedent, one ' s own property (cf. I. B. 2. supra):

hanc ob causam maxime ut sua tenerentur res publicae constitutae sunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73;

rarely = eorum res: quod vero etiam sua reddiderint (i.e. Gallis),

Liv. 39, 55, 3. —

One ' s own affairs:

aliena ut melius videant et dijudicent Quam sua,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 96:

cognoscunt... immobile agmen et sua quemque molientem,

Liv. 10, 20, 8:

omnia ei hostium non secus quam sua nota erant,

id. 22, 41, 5:

aliena cum suis perdidit,

Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 3.— Absol., referring to a noun fem.: sua (finxit) C. Cassius ( = suas persuasiones; cf.

the context),

Quint. 6, 3, 90.

Predicative uses: suum esse, facere, fieri, putare, etc., like a gen. poss., to be, etc., the property, or under the dominion, control, power of the antecedent.

Of property in things.

Corporeal:

scripsit causam dicere Prius aurum quare sit suum,

Ter. Eun. prol. 11:

nihil erat cujusquam quod non hoc anno suum fore putabat (Clodius),

Cic. Mil. 32, 87:

quia suum cujusque fit, eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,

id. Off. 1, 7, 21:

Juba suam esse praedicans praedam,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84:

gratum sibi populum facturum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent,

Liv. 22, 32, 8: libros esse dicimus Ciceronis;

eosdem Dorus librarius suos vocat,

Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 1:

cum enim istarum personarum nihil suum esse possit,

since these persons can own nothing, Gai. Inst. 2, 96; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 15 pr.—Virtually predicative:

referas ad eos qui suam rem nullam habent ( = rem quae sua sit),

nothing of their own, Cic. Phil. 2, 6, 15:

qui in potestate nostra est, nihil suum habere potest,

Gai. Inst. 2, 84. — ( b) Of literary works:

quae convenere in Andriam ex Perinthia Fatetur transtulisse, atque usum pro suis ( = quasi sua essent),

Ter. And. prol. 14:

potest autem... quae tum audiet... ingenue pro suis dicere,

his own thoughts, Quint. 12, 3, 3.—

Of a country or people:

suum facere = suae dicionis facere: commemorat ut (Caesar) magnam partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam fecerit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32:

in quam (Asiam) jam ex parte suam fecerit,

Liv. 44, 24, 4:

crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit,

id. 21, 44, 5.—

Trop.:

omnia sua putavit quae vos vestra esse velletis,

Cic. Phil. 11, 12, 27:

non meminit, illum exercitum senatus populique Romani esse, non suum,

id. ib. 13, 6, 4: [p. 1826] probavit, non rempublicam suam esse, sed se reipublicae, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 8;

so of incorporeal things: hi si velint scire quam brevis eorum vita sit, cogitent ex quota parte sua sit,

how much of it is their own, id. Brev. Vit. 19, 3; so, suum facere, to appropriate:

prudentis est, id quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere,

Quint. 10, 2, 26:

quaeremus quomodo animus (hanc virtutem) usu suam faciat,

Sen. Clem. 1, 3, 1.—

Of persons.

Under a master ' s or father ' s control:

ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret, neve alienaret,

make any one his slave, Liv. 41, 8, 12: quid eam tum? suamne esse ajebat, his daughter, i.e. in his power? Ter. And. 5, 4, 29:

eduxit mater pro sua ( = quasi sua esset),

id. Eun. 1, 2, 76.—

Reflexively = sui juris, independent, one ' s own master or mistress, not subject to another ' s control, under one ' s own control (v. sui juris, infra):

ancilla, quae mea fuit hodie, sua nunc est,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 3.—

Of moral power over others: suus = devoted to one:

hice hoc munere arbitrantur Suam Thaidem esse,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 38:

eos hic fecit suos Paulo sumptu,

id. Ad. 5, 4, 21:

sed istunc exora, ut (mulierem) suam esse adsimulet,

to be friendly to him, id. Heaut. 2, 3, 117:

cum Antonio sic agens ut perspiciat, si in eo negotio nobis satisfecerit, totum me futurum suum,

Cic. Att. 14, 1 a, 2:

Alpheus... utebatur populo sane suo,

devoted to him, id. Quint. 7, 29.— Poet.: vota suos habuere deos, the vows (inst. of the persons uttering them) had the gods on their side, Ov. M. 4, 373. —

Of power over one's self, etc.:

nam qui sciet ubi quidque positum sit, quaque eo veniat, is poterit eruere, semperque esse in disputando suus,

self-possessed, Cic. Fin. 4, 4, 10:

inaestimabile bonum est suum fieri,

selfcontrol, Sen. Ep. 75, 18:

(furiosus) qui suus non est,

Dig. 42, 4, 7, § 9:

vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos Mentis erat,

Ov. M. 8, 35. —

Suum est, as impers. predicate: = ejus est, characteristic of, peculiar to one (very rare):

dixit antea, sed suum illud est, nihil ut affirmet,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.

Attributive usages, almost always (except in Seneca) with suus before its noun.

The property, relations, affairs, etc., of one opposed to those of another, own.

Opposition expressed:

nihil de suo casu, multa de vestro querebatur,

Cic. Balb. 8, 21:

sua sibi propiora pericula quam mea loquebantur,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

suasque et imperatoris laudes canentes,

Liv. 45, 38, 12:

damnatione collegae et sua,

id. 22, 35, 3:

Senecae fratris morte pavidum et pro sua incolumitate pavidum,

Tac. A. 14, 73:

velut pro Vitellio conquerentes suum dolorem proferebant,

id. H. 3, 37;

opp. alienus: ut suo potius tempore mercatorem admitterent, quam celerius alieno,

at a time convenient to themselves, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11. —Without antecedent, opp. externus:

(Platoni) duo placet esse motus, unum suum, alterum externum, esse autem divinius quod ipsum ex se sua sponte moveatur, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32. —